¿Cuál de los dos modelos produce felicidad?

Frei Betto, es un famoso teólogo brasileño, es un fraile dominico, mentor espiritual de Lula, activista político y voz de la justicia social en Brasil y América Latina.

Al viajar por el Oriente, mantuve contacto con los monjes del Tíbet, en Mongolia, Japón y China. Eran hombres serenos, solícitos, reflexivos y en paz con sus mantos de color azafrán. El otro día, observaba el movimiento del aeropuerto de San Pablo: la sala de espera llena de ejecutivos con teléfonos celulares, preocupados, ansiosos, generalmente comiendo más de lo que debían. Seguramente, ya habían desayunado en sus casas, pero como la compañía aérea ofrecía otro café, todos comían vorazmente. Aquello me hizo reflexionar: "¿Cuál de los dos modelos produce felicidad?"

Me encontré con Daniela, de 10 años, en el ascensor, a las 9 de la mañana, y le pregunté: "¿No fuiste a la escuela?" Ella respondió: "No, voy por la tarde."

Comenté: "Qué bien, entonces por la mañana puedes jugar, dormir hasta más tarde."

"No", respondió ella, "tengo tantas cosas por la mañana..."

"¿Qué cosas?", le pregunté.

"Clases de inglés, de baile, de pintura, de natación", y comenzó a detallar su agenda de muchachita robotizada.

Me quedé pensando: "Qué pena, que Daniela no dijo: "¡Tengo clases de meditación!"

Estamos formando súper-hombres y súper-mujeres, totalmente equipados, pero emocionalmente infantiles.

Una ciudad progresista del interior de San Pablo tenía, en 1960, seis librerías y un gimnasio; hoy tiene sesenta gimnasios y tres librerías!

No tengo nada contra el mejoramiento del cuerpo, pero me preocupa la desproporción en relación al mejoramiento del espíritu. Pienso que moriremos esbeltos: "¿Cómo estaba el difunto?". "Oh, una maravilla, no tenía nada de celulitis!"

Pero ¿cómo queda la cuestión de lo subjetivo? ¿De lo espiritual? ¿ Del amor?

Hoy, la palabra es "virtualidad". Todo es virtual. Encerrado en su habitación, en Brasilia, un hombre puede tener una amiga íntima en Tokio, sin ninguna preocupación por conocer a su vecino de al lado! Todo es virtual. Somos místicos virtuales, religiosos virtuales, ciudadanos virtuales. Y somos también éticamente virtuales...

La palabra hoy es "entretenimiento"; el domingo, entonces, es el día nacional de la imbecilidad colectiva.

Imbécil el conductor, imbécil quien va y se sienta en la platea, imbécil quien pierde la tarde delante de la pantalla.

Como la publicidad no logra vender felicidad, genera la ilusión de que la felicidad es el resultado de una suma de placeres: "Si toma esta gaseosa, si usa estas zapatillas, si luce esta camisa, si compra este auto, usted será feliz!"

El problema es que, en general, no se llega a ser feliz! Quienes ceden, desarrollan de tal forma el deseo, que terminan necesitando un analista. O de medicamentos. Quienes resisten, aumentan su neurosis.

El gran desafío es comenzar a ver cuán bueno es ser libre de todo ese condicionamiento globalizante, neoliberal, consumista. Así, se puede vivir mejor. Para una buena salud mental son indispensables tres requisitos: amistades, autoestima y ausencia de estrés.

Hay una lógica religiosa en el consumismo post-moderno.

En la Edad Media, las ciudades adquirían status construyendo una catedral; hoy, en Brasil, se construye un shopping-center. Y, es curioso, la mayoría de los shopping-center tienen líneas arquitectónicas de catedrales estilizadas; a ellos no se puede ir de cualquier modo, es necesario vestir ropa de misa de domingo. Y allí dentro se siente una sensación paradisíaca: no hay mendigos, ni chicos de la calle, ni suciedad...

Se entra en esos claustros al son gregoriano post-moderno, aquella musiquilla de esperar al dentista. Se observan varios nichos, todas esas capillas con venerables objetos de consumo, acolitados por bellas sacerdotisas.

Quienes pueden comprar al contado, se sienten en el reino de los cielos.

Si debe pagar con cheque post-datado, o a crédito se siente en el purgatorio.

Pero, si no puede comprar, ciertamente se va a sentir en el infierno...

Felizmente, terminan todos en una eucaristía post-moderna, hermanados en una misma mesa, con el mismo jugo y la misma hamburguesa del Mc Donald... Acostumbro a decirles a los empleados que se me acercan en las puertas de los negocios:

"Sólo estoy haciendo un paseo socrático".

Delante de sus miradas espantadas, explico: "Sócrates, filósofo griego, también gustaba de descansar su cabeza recorriendo el centro comercial de Atenas. Cuando vendedores como ustedes lo asediaban, les respondía:

"Sólo estoy observando cuántas cosas existen que no preciso... ¡para ser Feliz"!

population fatness equivalent to an extra half a billion people

The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass

Sarah C Walpole, David Prieto-Merino, Phil Edwards, John Cleland, Gretchen Stevens and Ian Roberts

Background

The energy requirement of species at each trophic level in an ecological pyramid is a function of the number of organisms and their average mass. Regarding human populations, although considerable attention is given to estimating the number of people, much less is given to estimating average mass, despite evidence that average body mass is increasing. We estimate global human biomass, its distribution by region and the proportion of biomass due to overweight and obesity.

Methods

For each country we used data on body mass index (BMI) and height distribution to estimate average adult body mass. We calculated total biomass as the product of population size and average body mass. We estimated the percentage of the population that is overweight (BMI > 25) and obese (BMI > 30) and the biomass due to overweight and obesity.

Results

In 2005, global adult human biomass was approximately 287 million tonnes, of which 15 million tonnes were due to overweight (BMI > 25), a mass equivalent to that of 242 million people of average body mass (5% of global human biomass). Biomass due to obesity was 3.5 million tonnes, the mass equivalent of 56 million people of average body mass (1.2% of human biomass). North America has 6% of the world population but 34% of biomass due to obesity. Asia has 61% of the world population but 13% of biomass due to obesity. One tonne of human biomass corresponds to approximately 12 adults in North America and 17 adults in Asia. If all countries had the BMI distribution of the USA, the increase in human biomass of 58 million tonnes would be equivalent in mass to an extra 935 million people of average body mass, and have energy requirements equivalent to that of 473 million adults.

Conclusions

Increasing population fatness could have the same implications for world food energy demands as an extra half a billion people living on the earth.

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The complete article is available as a provisional PDF. The fully formatted PDF and HTML versions are in production.

Penance

Penance is repentance of sins as well as the proper name of the Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, and Anglican Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession. It also plays a part in non-sacramental confession among Lutherans and other Protestants. The word penance derives from Old French and Latin poenitentia, both of which derive from the same root meaning repentance, the desire to be forgiven (in English see contrition). Penance and repentance, similar in their derivation and original sense, have come to symbolize conflicting views of the essence of repentance, arising from the controversy as to the respective merits of "faith" and "good works." Word derivations occur in many languages.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church penance it is usually called Sacred Mystery of Confession. Whereas in Roman Catholicism the goal of the sacrament of Penance is reconciliation with God through means of justification, in Orthodoxy the intention of the sacramental mystery of Holy Confession is to provide reconciliation with God through means of healing.
Similar to the Eastern Catholic Churches, in the Eastern Orthodox Church there are no confessionals. Traditionally the penitent stands or kneels before either the Icon of Christ the Teacher (to the viewers' right of the Royal Door) or in front of an Icon of Christ, "Not Made by Hands". This is because in Orthodox sacramental theology, confession is not made to the priest, but to Christ; the priest being there as a witness, friend and advisor. On an analogion in front of the penitent has been placed a Gospel Book and a Crucifix. The penitent venerates the Gospel Book and the cross and kneels. This is to show humility before the whole church and before Christ. Once they are ready to start, the priest says, “Blessed is our God, always, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages,” reads the Trisagion Prayers and the Psalm 50 (in the Septuagint; in the KJV this is Psalm 51).
The priest then advises the penitent that Christ is invisibly present and that the penitent should not be embarrassed or be afraid, but should open up their heart and reveal their sins so that Christ may forgive them. The penitent then accuses himself of sins. The priest quietly and patiently listens, gently asking questions to encourage the penitent not to withhold any sins out of fear or shame. After the confessant reveals all their sins, the priest offers advice and counsel. The priest may modify the prayer rule of the penitent, or even prescribe another rule, if needed to combat the sins the penitent struggles most with. Penances, known as epitemia, are given with a therapeutic intent, so they are opposite to the sin committed.
Epitemia are neither a punishment nor merely a pious action, but are specifically aimed at healing the spiritual ailment that has been confessed. For example, if the penitent broke the Eighth Commandment by stealing something, the priest could prescribe they return what they stole (if possible) and give alms to the poor on a more regular basis. Opposites are treated with opposites. If the penitent suffers from gluttony, the confessant’s fasting rule is reviewed and perhaps increased. The intention of Confession is never to punish, but to heal and purify. Confession is also seen as a “second baptism”, and is sometimes referred to as the "baptism of tears".
In Orthodoxy, Confession is seen as a means to procure better spiritual health and purity. Confession does not involve merely stating the sinful things the person does; the good things a person does or is considering doing are also discussed. The approach is holistic, examining the full life of the confessant. The good works do not earn salvation, but are part of a psychotherapeutic treatment to preserve salvation and purity. Sin is treated as a spiritual illness, or wound, only cured through Jesus Christ. The Orthodox belief is that in Confession, the sinful wounds of the soul are to be exposed and treated in the "open air" (in this case, the Spirit of God. Note the fact that the Greek word for Spirit (πνευμα), can be translated as "air in motion" or wind).
Once the penitent has accepted the therapeutic advice and counsel freely given to him or her, by the priest then, placing his epitrachelion over the head of the confessant. The priest says the prayer of forgiveness over the penitent. In the prayer of forgiveness, the priests asks of God to forgive the sins committed. He then concludes by placing his hand on the head of the penitent and says, “The Grace of the All-Holy Spirit, through my insignificance, has loosened and granted to you forgiveness.”
In summary, the Priest reminds the penitent what he or she has received is a second baptism, through the Mystery of Confession, and that they should be careful not to defile this restored purity but to do good and to hear the voice of the psalmist: “Turn from evil and do good” (Psalm 34:14). But most of all, the priest urges the penitent to guard him- or herself from sin and to commune as often as permitted. The priest dismisses the repentant one in peace.