tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10471736094796099192024-03-21T10:13:57.735-06:00共感する力戦産合気
La fuerza del amoraguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.comBlogger304125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-31069233004822126852019-08-14T02:37:00.000-05:002019-08-14T02:37:39.528-05:00Karate Kid<br />
Desde su lanzamiento en 1984, The Karate Kid, el consenso popular sobre los personajes de la película cambia lentamente. La opinión de la audiencia sobre Daniel ha cambiado bastante con el tiempo. Mientras que la película presenta a Johnny Lawrence como el villano, al revisar el vídeo se que solo lucha cuando Daniel lo presiona. De hecho, Daniel tiende a parecer un alborotador arrogante que consistentemente elige peleas e instiga escenas de violencia. O en otras palabras: es el verdadero acosador de este par. Johnny es solo un niño que intenta salir bien en la escuela y sobresalir en los deportes, solo culpable de comportarse de manera caprichosa con su ex novia.<br />
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Johnny ahora es un borracho con mala suerte que vive en la miseria, mientras que Daniel sale en comerciales de televisión haciendo parodia del karate para su concesionaria de automóviles. Daniel también es irrespetuoso con Johnny, restregando su en la cara de Johnny.<br />
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Pero cuando Johnny Lawrence revive el extinto gimnasio de karate Cobra Kai para comenzar a enseñar a una nueva generación de practicantes de karate de la escuela secundaria, Daniel LaRusso interviene. La mera presencia de Johnny tratando de tener éxito como propietario de una pequeña empresa hace que Daniel se enfurezca, y ¿no parece que lo están convirtiendo en el antagonista final de esta nueva serie? Literalmente dice: “¿Cree que puede traer a Cobra Kai de vuelta al valle? No bajo mi vigilancia.<br />
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Ciertamente va a ser interesante ver cómo se desarrolla esto, pero al menos, esta serie se está sumergiendo en un área gris de moralidad inesperada para sus personajes.<br />
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El espectáculo de YouTube Red, Cobra Kai, surgió de un esfuerzo por generar el servicio de suscripción premium de YouTube con contenido original, haciéndole la competencia de Netflix y Amazon. El servicio de suscripción cambió de nombre y luego desaparecio, pero Cobra Kai permanece, una secuela de la película de 1984 The Karate Kid, protagonizada por Ralph Macchio y William Zabka repitiendo sus papeles de rivales en California. Han pasado 35 años después de la secundaria.<br />
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Cobra Kai se convirtió rápidamente en el original de YouTube más exitoso hasta la fecha, atrayendo 65 millones de visitas para su primer episodio; El estreno de la segunda temporada, que se estrenó en abril, obtuvo 20 millones de visitas en el transcurso de seis días.<br />
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En un momento en que cada servicio de transmisión ha intentado reempaquetar alguna historia existente en un nuevo spin-off, Cobra Kai también se destacó como una secuela particularmente reflexiva. La primera temporada cambió la dinámica de la película, colocando a Johnny Lawrence, el matón, interpretado por Zabka, en el papel de un desarrapado fuera del sistema, mientras que Danny LaRusso (Macchio) se ha convertido en un vendedor de autos establecido que regala un bonsái a cada cliente. Es una exploración sensible de cómo las cosas pueden cambiar: la hija de Danny, una chica de club de campo criada en una mansión, sale con el matón de la clase, mientras que Johnny, el antiguo matón, termina en la posición de acoger y entrenar al acosado.<br />
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VaXoQJx3jYs" width="560"></iframe><br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xCwwxNbtK6Y" width="560"></iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-57180716490354059122019-08-11T09:39:00.000-05:002019-08-11T15:54:24.310-05:00La psicometríaLa <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicometr%C3%ADa">psicometría</a> es la disciplina que se encarga del conjunto de métodos, técnicas y teorías implicadas en medir y cuantificar las variables psicológicas del psiquismo humano.<br />
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La <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa">psicología</a></b> o <b>sicología </b>(literalmente «estudio o tratado del alma»; del griego clásico ψυχή, transliterado <i>psykhé</i>, «psique», «alma», «actividad mental», y λογία, logía, «tratado» o «estudio») es una profesión y una disciplina académica que se define como la ciencia que trata la conducta y los procesos mentales de los individuos, cuyo campo de estudio abarca todos los aspectos de la experiencia humana.7 Existen diversas perspectivas psicológicas, cada una con sus propias teorías y metodologías, y en comparativa pueden coincidir, influirse, solaparse o incluso ser contradictorias e incompatibles;8 esta variedad da pie a múltiples acepciones y abordajes. Algunos enfoques —como en el humanismo— consideran que el método científico no es adecuado para investigar la conducta; otros tales como el conductismo lo emplean para comportamientos observables que pueden ser objetivamente medidos.<br />
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Por medio de sus diversos enfoques, la psicología explora conceptos como la percepción, la atención, la motivación, la emoción, el funcionamiento del cerebro, la inteligencia, el pensamiento, la personalidad, las relaciones personales, la conciencia y la inconsciencia. La psicología emplea métodos empíricos cuantitativos y cualitativos de investigación para analizar el comportamiento. También se pueden encontrar, especialmente en el ámbito clínico o de consultoría, otro tipo de métodos cualitativos y mixtos. Mientras que el conocimiento psicológico es empleado frecuentemente en la evaluación o tratamiento de las psicopatologías, en las últimas décadas los psicólogos también están siendo empleados en los departamentos de recursos humanos de las organizaciones, en áreas relacionadas con el desarrollo infantil y del envejecimiento, los deportes, los medios de comunicación, el mundo del derecho y las ciencias forenses. Aunque la mayor parte de los psicólogos están involucrados profesionalmente en actividades terapéuticas (clínica, consultoría, educación), una parte también se dedica a la investigación, desde las universidades, sobre un amplio rango de temas relacionados con el comportamiento y el pensamiento humano.<br />
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</iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-32872440501660617962019-08-11T02:13:00.000-05:002019-08-11T15:47:31.005-05:00Judo<br />
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aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-58228213831150587572019-08-10T19:58:00.000-05:002019-08-11T01:35:08.184-05:00Ueshiba<iframe style="width:120px;height:240px;" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=US&source=ac&ref=tf_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=arnulfoperezc-20&marketplace=amazon®ion=US&placement=B000WA4WUM&asins=B000WA4WUM&linkId=67d6f0e1b6445f27ab7e320f537bafc8&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff"><br />
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<a href="http://youtu.be/98yRuBkUBGQ">1935 Asahi News Film</a><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/T5FtreEFnvc" width="425"></iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-60566013490465709242019-08-10T17:55:00.000-05:002019-08-11T18:29:13.379-05:00Thích Nhất Hạnh<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dxP6Ft1SAlg" width="420"></iframe><br />
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Thích Nhất Hạnh es un Maestro Zen nacido en Vietnam Central el 11 de Octubre de 1926, monje budista desde hace más de cuatro décadas y activista por la Paz, nominado para el Premio Nobel por ese motivo. Refugiado político en Francia desde 1972, por su combate pacífico, empezado durante la guerra de Vietnam<br />
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En Vietnam Fundó la Escuela de la Juventud para los Servicios Sociales, la Universidad Budista de Vanh Hanh, la editorial Le Boi Press y la Orden del Interser. Enseñó en la Universidad de Columbia y la Sorbona. En 1967 Fue nominado por Martin Luther King para el Premio Nobel de la Paz.<br />
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Vivio en Francia, en una comunidad de enseñanza Budista llamada <a href="https://plumvillage.org/">Plum Village</a>, fundada en 1982, cercana a Burdeos.<br />
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Uploaded on Jan 5, 2012<br />
Retiro 2004.Una buena respiración es suficiente.<br />
Uno de los maestros zen más conocidos y respetados del mundo, poeta, activista por la paz y los derechos humanos, Thich Nhat Hahn (sus estudiantes lo llaman Thay, que significa "maestro") ha tenido una vida extraordinaria. Nació en el Vietnam central, en 1926, y se convirtió en monje a la edad de 16 años. La guerra de Vietnam enfrentó a los monasterios a la difícil cuestión de decidir si llevar una vida contemplativa y dedicarse solo a la meditación en los monasterios o ayudar a sus conciudadanos que sufrían bajo los ataques de las bombas y la devastación de la guerra. Nhat Hanh fue uno de los que decidió hacer ambas cosas, ayudando a fundar el movimiento del "Budismo comprometido". Ha dedicado su vida, desde entonces, al trabajo de la transformación personal para el beneficio de los individuos y la sociedad.<br />
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thay joven<br />
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Al principio de los años 60, en Saigón, Thich Nhat Hahn fundó la Escuela para el Servicio de Ayuda Social, una organización de ayuda para la reconstrucción de los pueblos y aldeas bombardeadas, la construcción de escuelas y centros médicos, el realojamiento de familias, y la organización de cooperativas agrícolas. Con la ayuda de más de 10.000 estudiantes voluntarios, la SYSS basó su trabajo en los principios budistas de no violencia y acción compasiva. A pesar de la oposición del gobierno vietnamita, Nhat Hahn también fundó la Universidad Budista, una editorial y una influyente revista de activismo por la paz, en Vietnam.<br />
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Tras visitar los Estados Unidos en 1966 en misión de paz, se le prohibió su vuelta a Vietnam en 1966. En sus viajes siguientes a los Estados Unidos, tuvo entrevistas con oficiales federales y del Pentágono, como Robert McNamara, a los que presentó argumentos para detener la guerra y pedir la paz. Puede que Nhat Hahn haya ayudado a cambiar el curso de la historia de los Estados Unidos, cuando pidió a Martin Luther King que se opusiera a la guerra de Vietnam públicamente, ayudando, de esta manera, al movimiento por la paz. Al año siguiente, King nominó a Thich Nhat Hahn para el Premio Nóbel de la Paz. Más tarde, Nhat Hanh encabezó la delegación Budista en la Cumbre por la Paz en Paris.<br />
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En 1982 fundó Plum Village, una comunidad Budista en el exilio, en Francia, donde continua su trabajo de ayuda a los refugiados, los llamados "boat people", "gente de los barcos", prisioneros políticos, y familias pobres de Vietnam y de todo el mundo. También ha recibido un merecido reconocimiento por su trabajo por los Veteranos de Vietnam, por sus retiros de meditación y su prolífica obra literaria sobre meditación, plena consciencia y paz. Ha publicado 85 libros de poesía, prosa, oraciones, de los cuales 40 están en inglés, incluyendo los más vendidos, "Llámame por mis verdaderos nombres", "La paz está en cada paso", "Ser paz", "Tocando la paz", "Buda viviente, Cristo viviente", "Enseñanzas sobre el amor", "El camino de la emancipación", e "Ira". En Septiembre del 2001, justo pocos días tras los ataques al World Trade Center, dió un memorable discurso sobre la no violencia y el perdón, en la Iglesia Riverside de Nueva York. En Septiembre del 2003 pronunció un discurso a miembros del congreso de los Estados Unidos, en un retiro de dos días. <br />
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Thich Nhat Hanh ha hecho mucho por articular y difundir las enseñanzas budistas centrales de atención plena, amabilidad y compasión a una audiencia global amplia. El monje vietnamita, que ha escrito más de 100 libros, es solo superado por el Dalai Lama en fama e influencia.<br />
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Nhat Hanh se hizo famoso luchando por los derechos humanos y su trabajo de reconciliación durante la Guerra de Vietnam, lo que llevó a Martin Luther King Jr. a nominarlo para un Premio Nobel.<br />
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Se le considera el padre del "budismo comprometido", un movimiento que vincula la práctica de la atención plena con la acción social. También ha construido una red de monasterios y centros de retiro en seis países de todo el mundo, incluido Estados Unidos.<br />
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En 2014, Nhat Hanh, sufrió un derrame cerebral. Aunque no pudo hablar después del accidente cerebro vascular, continuó dirigiendo a la comunidad, usando su brazo izquierdo y expresiones faciales para comunicarse.<br />
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<a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/3/11/18196457/thich-nhat-hanh-health-mindfulness-plum-village">En octubre de 2018, Nhat Hanh sorprendió a sus discípulos</a> al informarles que le gustaría regresar a su hogar en Vietnam para pasar sus últimos días en el templo raíz de Tu Hieu en Hue, donde se convirtió en monje en 1942 a los 16 años. Nhat Hanh fue exiliado de Vietnam por su activismo contra la guerra, desde 1966, hasta que finalmente fue invitado de regreso en 2005. Pero su regreso a su tierra natal se trata menos de reconciliación política que de algo mucho más profundo. Y contiene lecciones para todos nosotros sobre cómo morir en paz y cómo dejar a las personas que amamos.<br />
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<br />aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-88526698664140727212019-08-10T13:21:00.000-05:002019-08-11T01:15:22.212-05:00植芝 盛平<a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E8%8A%9D%E7%9B%9B%E5%B9%B3">植芝 盛平</a>(うえしば もりへい、1883年(明治16年)12月14日 - 1969年(昭和44年)4月26日)は、日本の武道家。合気道の創始者。合気道界では「開祖」(かいそ)と敬称される<br />
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<b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba">Morihei Ueshiba</a></b> (1883-1969), en japonés <b>植芝 盛平</b>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial">artista marcial</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%B3n">japonés</a>, fundador del <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial">arte marcial</a> del <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D">Aikidō</a>. Los <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8Dka">aikidōkas</a> también lo llaman <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C-sensei">Ō-sensei</a></i> ("Gran Maestro") en señal de admiración y respeto.<br />
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El verdadero nacimiento del Aikido se dio como resultado de tres momentos de despertar espiritual que Ueshiba experimentó. El primero ocurrió en 1925, cuando Ueshiba derrotó desarmado a un oficial de la marina que le atacó con una <i>katana</i> de madera, sin dañarle. Su segunda experiencia ocurrió en 1940, cuando le pareció que todos los movimientos que le habían enseñado sus maestros eran completamente nuevos. Ya no eran meras técnicas; eran formas de cultivar la vida, el conocimiento y la virtud. Su tercera experiencia fue en 1942 durante la peor lucha de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ueshiba tuvo una visión del "Gran Espíritu de la Paz".<br />
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Publicaciones</h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Morihei Ueshiba, <i>The Secret Teachings of Aikido</i> (2008), Kodansha International, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9784770030306" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-4-7700-3030-6</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.kodansha-intl.com/books/html/en/9784770030306.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Morihei Ueshiba, <i>Budo: Teachings of the Founder of Aikido</i> (1996), Kodansha International, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9784770020703" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-4-7700-2070-3</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.kodansha-intl.com/books/html/en/9784770020703.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Morihei Ueshiba, <i>The Essence of Aikido: Spiritual Teachings of Morihei Ueshiba</i> (1998), Kodansha International, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9784770023575" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-4-7700-2357-5</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.kodansha-intl.com/books/html/en/9784770023575.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></li>
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</iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-44377067589274075732019-08-10T03:38:00.000-05:002019-08-11T01:28:59.617-05:00El fundador del Aikido<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=US&source=ac&ref=tf_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=arnulfoperezc-20&marketplace=amazon&region=US&placement=1626543232&asins=1626543232&linkId=a7b917221bc558d4a2c95b2cf5431da0&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"><br />
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<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba">Tomado de Wikipedia</a></div>
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Tsnne Mori (Nune Mori), que posteriormente cambiaría su nombre a Morihei (<i>Paz Abundante</i>), nació el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_de_diciembre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="14 de diciembre">14 de diciembre</a> de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1883">1883</a> (noviembre 16 de acuerdo al calendario lunar vigente en esa época) en la prefectura de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wakayama">Wakayama</a> (actualmente <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tanabe">Tanabe</a>), en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%B3n" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Japón">Japón</a>, hijo de Yoroku Ueshiba y Yuki Itokawa, pertenecientes a antiguas familias <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samur%C3%A1i" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samurái">samurái</a>.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a></sup></div>
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Como su nacimiento fue prematuro, nació con poco peso y fue un niño pequeño, débil y enfermizo; lo que llevó a su padre, orgulloso de ser nieto del guerrero <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samur%C3%A1i" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samurái">samurái</a> Kichiemon Ueshiba, famoso por su fortaleza, a apoyarlo en toda actividad física que emprendiera, inicialmente con la práctica del <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sumo">sumo</a> y la natación. Su interés personal en el entrenamiento de las artes marciales se originó al haber sido testigo en su infancia de cómo unos maleantes golpearon a su padre hasta su fallecimiento debido a las lesiones; debido a que esté era un activista y líder social. Esto llevó al joven Morihei a una búsqueda personal hacia la perfección en las artes marciales, llegando a conocer y a entrenarse bajo muchos maestros y escuelas clásicos y tradicionales de artes marciales con armas (Escuelas de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjutsu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a> o de esgrima con sable, estilos: Gotō-ha Yagyu Shingan ryu, Ittô-ryû, y otros; escuelas de manejo de la lanza o <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojutsu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sojutsu">sojutsu</a> estilo Hozoin-Ryu, y escuelas del manejo de bastones y varas <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojutsu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bojutsu">bojutsu</a>), además de escuelas de artes marciales japonesas sin armas. (Daitō-ryū Aiki-<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>), Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu y <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judo">judo</a>).</div>
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Aunque entreno diversas artes marciales clásicas y tradicionales a lo largo de su vida, no pudo hacerlo todo el tiempo; incluso su entrenamiento en esgrima Yagyū Shingan ryū kenjutsu fue esporádico e interrumpido por el servicio militar donde se entrenó en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABkend%C5%8D" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jūkendō">jūkendō</a> el arte del manejo de la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoneta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayoneta">bayoneta</a> además de participar en la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ruso-japonesa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guerra ruso-japonesa">Guerra ruso-japonesa</a> (1904-1905). Los registros encontrados hasta el momento, muestran que O-Sensei se entrenó en Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu con Tozawa Tokusaburō por un corto período en 1901 en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>; en Gotō-ha Yagyū Shingan-ryū kenjutsu con Nakai Masakatsu desde 1903 a 1908 en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai_(Osaka)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sakai (Osaka)">Sakai</a>, y en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judo">judo</a> con Kiyoichi Takagi en 1911 en Tanabe. En 1901, terminados ya sus estudios secundarios, se dirigió a Tokio para abrir una papelería, el <i>Almacén Ueshiba</i>, que distribuía material y artículos de escritorio para los colegios, pero cayó enfermo de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriberi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a> y el negocio no prosperó; en 1902, Morihei, de 19 años, se casó con Hatsu Itokawa, de 21 años, a quien conoció desde su infancia.</div>
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En 1904 se alistó en el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Imperial_Japon%C3%A9s" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ejército Imperial Japonés">Ejército Imperial Japonés</a> para luchar en la <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Ruso-Japonesa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guerra Ruso-Japonesa">Guerra Ruso-Japonesa</a>. Fue enviado a la reserva, en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, pues en un principio se le consideraba demasiado pequeño de estatura para prestar servicio activo. Posteriormente, debido a sus capacidades de liderazgo e inmensa fortaleza física, fue enviado al frente de batalla en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. Logrando el grado de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargento" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sargento">sargento</a> y la medalla al valor, finalmente volvió a Japón en 1905.</div>
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En 1910 la familia Ueshiba tiene su primera hija, a quien dan el nombre de Matsuko.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">3</a></sup></div>
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Con su esposa e hija, en 1912 reclutó a un centenar de personas, campesinos y militares, y marchó en pos de la colonización de la isla de <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, al norte del páis, donde fundó un pueblo al que llamó Shirataki.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Takeda_Sokaku.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="409" data-file-width="278" decoding="async" elementtiming="thumbnail" height="221" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Takeda_Sokaku.jpg/150px-Takeda_Sokaku.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Takeda_Sokaku.jpg/225px-Takeda_Sokaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Takeda_Sokaku.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Takeda_Sokaku.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Aumentar"></a></div>
el soke (heredero maestro) del Daito Ryu Aikijujutsu Sokaku Takeda</div>
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En febrero de 1915 se encontró en la posada Hisada, en la villa Engaru de la isla de Hokkaido con el maestro de <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-jutsu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jutsu</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Sokaku" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Takeda Sokaku">Takeda Sokaku</a>, quien le admitió como discípulo a instancias de otro de sus alumnos llamado <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Kotaro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yoshida Kotaro">Yoshida Kotaro</a>.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">4</a></sup> En 1917 nace su primer hijo varón, Takemori (quien falleció en 1920) y en 1921 nace su hijo Kishomaru que llegó a ser su sucesor en la dirección del aikido.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">5</a></sup></div>
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En 1920 fallece su padre, un líder social a quien Morihei idolatraba, y en 1922 su madre Yuki, estos acontecimientos lo sumen en la depresión, de la que solo encuentra alivio en la secta neo-sintoista <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cmoto" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ōmoto">Ōmoto</a>, dirigida por el carismático reverendo Onisaburo Deguchi.</div>
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El maestro, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dkaku_Takeda" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sōkaku Takeda">Sōkaku Takeda</a> de la escuela <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daito_Ryu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daito Ryu">Daito Ryu</a> Aiki- jujutsu. Le concede el pergamino <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dju_Dairi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kyōju Dairi">Kyōju Dairi</a> o título de instructor en 1922, y poco tiempo después Ueshiba hace un paréntesis para viajar junto al reverendo Onisaburo Deguchi hacia <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Interior" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mongolia Interior">Mongolia Interior</a>, en busca de un lugar donde establecer un centro de todas las religiones, que sería base de un nuevo orden social y político. Pero las condiciones que en Mongolia se vivían por entonces, eran violentas e inestables, lo cual puso en más de una ocasión en peligro sus vidas, llegando a ser tomados como rehenes por soldados nacionalistas chinos y por bandidos, siendo liberados por las gestiones del gobierno japonés, con lo cual ambos fueron repatriados al Japón.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">6</a></sup></div>
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<a class="internal" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Aumentar"></a></div>
el reverendo Onisaburo Deguchi</div>
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En <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1927">1927</a>, el ahora instructor calificado de Daito-Ryu Ueshiba se muda a <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, donde funda su primer <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dōjō">dojo</a></i> llamado <i>Kobukan</i>.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">7</a></sup>En 1935, la secta <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cmoto" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ōmoto">Ōmoto</a> dirigida por Onisaburu Deguchi protagoniza el llamado segundo incidente Oomoto por lo cual la secta fue declarada ilegal. Ueshiba, muy vinculado a la secta, decidió retirarse de la vida pública y confiar la dirección del dojo donde enseñaba su método marcial, que había ido formulando durante la década de los veinte, a su hijo, Ueshiba Kishomaru.<sup class="reference separada" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; margin-right: 0.6ch; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">8</a></sup></div>
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Ueshiba, compró unas tierras en los alrededores de <a class="new" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iwama&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iwama (aún no redactado)">Iwama</a>, al norte de Tokio y allí estableció una granja. Morihei se trasladó con su esposa a Iwama y comenzó la construcción de lo que llamaba el <i>ubuva</i> (habitación de nacimiento), o santuario interior del aikido: un complejo que incluía el Santuario Aiki y un dojo al aire libre. El interior del Santuario Aiki, con exquisitas tallas, se terminó en 1944: el Dojo Aiki, ahora conocido como Dojo Ibaragi, se terminó en 1945, justo antes de que terminara la guerra.</div>
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El 30 de abril de 1940, el Ministerio de Salud y Bienestar de Japón concedió al Kobukan el estatus de Fundación, siendo su primer presidente el Almirante Isamu Takeshita.</div>
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Con el estallido de la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico_(1937-1945)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guerra del Pacífico (1937-1945)">Guerra del Pacífico</a> los alumnos del dojo fueron yéndose uno tras otro al frente. En 1941, el aiki budo fue incorporado al <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Nihon_Butokukai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dai Nihon Butokukai">Dai Nihon Butokukai</a>. Morei nombró a Minoru Hirai como representante y director de la Sección Aikido del Butokukai y fue cuando se empezó a utilizar por primera vez el nombre de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aikidō">Aikidō</a>.</div>
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El 9 de febrero de 1948 el Ministerio de Educación concedió permiso para restablecer la fundación Aikikai y el dojo principal de Tokio recibió el nuevo nombre de Ueshiba Dojo y de Sede Central Mundial del Aikido. En 1954 se trasladó la sede central del aikido a Tokio, y el dojo de Tokio adoptó el título oficial de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikikai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aikikai">Fundación Aikikai</a>: El <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombu_dojo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hombu dojo">Hombu dojo</a></i> de Aikido. En enero de 1960, la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nippon Television">NTV</a> emitió "El Maestro del Aikido", programa que filmaba las técnica del fundador y el 14 de mayo de 1960, el Aikikai patrocinó una demostración de aikido en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_(Tokio)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shinjuku (Tokio)">Shinjuku (Tokio)</a>. En aquella ocasión, Morihei causó honda impresión en la audiencia con una demostración titulada "La esencia del Aikido". Poco tiempo después recibe de manos del Emperador <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Sh%C5%8Dwa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperador Shōwa">Hirohito</a>, junto con Yosaburo Uno, décimo dan de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kyūdō">Kyudo</a>, la Condecoración Shijuhosho.</div>
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El 28 de febrero de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1961">1961</a> Morihei viaja a los <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>, invitado por el Aikikai de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haw%C3%A1i" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hawái">Hawái</a> y el 7 de agosto de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1962">1962</a> tuvo lugar un gran festival en el Santuario de Iwama para celebrar el sesenta aniversario de Morei como practicante de artes marciales. El 15 de enero de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1969">1969</a>, Morihei asistió en el Hombu Dojo a las celebraciones del Año Nuevo. Aunque parecía gozar de buena salud, su condición física se deterioró rápidamente a causa de un <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_h%C3%ADgado" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cáncer de hígado">cáncer de hígado</a> y murió el 26 de abril de 1969 a las 5 de la tarde. El 1 de mayo, a partir de las 7:10 de la tarde, se celebró una vigilia en el Hombu Dojo, y ese mismo día el Emperador <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> le concedió una condecoración póstuma. Sus cenizas fueron enterradas en el templo de la familia Ueshiba en el cementerio de Tanabe, y se guardaron mechones del cabello del fundador en el santuario Aiki de Iwama, en el cementerio de la familia Ueshiba en Ayabe y en el Gran Santuario Kumano. El mismo año en junio fallece su esposa Hatsu.</div>
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El 14 de junio de 1970 su hijo <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisshomaru_Ueshiba" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kisshomaru Ueshiba">Kisshomaru Ueshiba</a> fue elegido por decisión unánime del Aikikai para suceder a su padre como Aiki <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doshu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doshu">Doshu</a></i> y tras la muerte de este, el 4 de enero de 1999 fue sucedido por su hijo <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moriteru Ueshiba">Moriteru Ueshiba</a>, nieto del fundador.</div>
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aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-21555877950811081972018-04-16T00:22:00.001-05:002018-04-16T00:22:15.504-05:00Crystal Prison Zone: Why I hate teaching the classics<a href="http://crystalprisonzone.blogspot.com/2018/04/why-i-hate-teaching-classics.html?spref=bl">Crystal Prison Zone: Why I hate teaching the classics</a>: I’m approaching the end of my first semester teaching Intro to Social Psychology. As someone who came of age during the peak of the replicat...aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-25152559445601091462016-11-19T22:15:00.002-06:002016-11-19T22:15:55.323-06:00una nueva flauta<h3>
Esta historia fue descubierta por Trevor Leggett (1978)</h3>
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En China inventaron una nueva flauta. Un maestro de música descubrió las sutiles bellezas de su tono y la llevó a su país, donde dio conciertos por todas partes. Una noche se reunió con una comunidad de músicos y amantes de la música que vivían en cierta ciudad. Al final del concierto lo invitaron a tocar. Sacó la flauta nueva y tocó una pieza. Cuando terminó hubo silencio en la habitación durante largo rato. Luego se oyó la voz del más viejo de los presentes desde el fondo del salón: "¡Como un dios!". Al día siguiente, mientras este maestro hacía las maletas para marcharse, los músicos se le acercaron y le preguntaron cuánto se tardaría en aprender a tocar la nueva flauta. "Años", respondió. Le preguntaron si tomaría un alumno y respondió que sí. Cuando se fue, los músicos decidieron entre ellos enviarle a un joven, un flautista brillantemente talentoso, sensible a la belleza, diligente y confiable. Le dieron dinero para vivir y para pagar las clases del maestro y lo enviaron a la capital, donde aquel vivía.<br />
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El alumno llegó y fue aceptado por el maestro, quien le dio una sola melodía simple para tocar. Al principio el alumno recibió instrucción sistemática, pero aprendía con facilidad todos los problemas técnicos. Llegaba para la clase diaria, se sentaba y tocaba la melodía ... y el maestro solo podía decir: "Falta algo". El alumno se esforzaba de todas las formas posibles; practicaba horas y horas, pero día tras día, semana tras semana, todo lo que el maestro decía era "falta algo". El alumno pidió al maestro que cambiara la melodía, pero el maestro se negó. La ejecución diaria de la melodía, y la diaria respuesta "falta algo" continuaron durante meses.<br />
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La esperanza de éxito del alumno y su miedo al fracaso se intensificaban, y oscilaba entre la agitación yel abatimiento. Finalmente ya no pudo seguir soportando la frustración. Una noche hizo la maleta y huyó sigilosamente. Siguió viviendo un tiempo más en la capital hasta que se quedó sin dinero. Empezó a beber. Por fin, ya en la miseria, volvió a su tierra natal. Como le daba vergüenza mostrar la cara a sus colegas, encontró una choza en el campo. Todavía poseía sus flautas, todavía tocaba, pero no encontraba nueva inspiración en la música.<br />
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Los granjeros que pasaban lo oyeron tocar y le enviaron a sus hijos para que les enseñara los rudimentos. De esa manera vivió durante años. Una mañana alguien golpeó a su puerta. Era el virtuoso más viejo del pueblo, junto con el más joven de los estudiantes. Le dijeron que esa noche darían un concierto, Y que todos habían decidido que no se haría sin su presencia. Con cierto esfuerzo vencieron los sentimientos de miedo y de vergüenza del músico, quien casi en trance tomó su flauta y fue con ellos. Comenzó el concierto.<br />
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Mientras el músico esperaba detrás del escenario nadie interrumpió su silencio interior. Por fin, al final del concierto, lo llamaron al escenario. Se presentó con sus ropas harapientas. Miró la flauta que tenía en las manos: descubrió que había elegido la flauta nueva. Entonces se dio cuenta de que no tenía nada que ganar ni nada que perder. Se sentó y tocó la misma melodía que había tocado tantas veces para su maestro en el pasado. Cuando terminó se hizo un largo silencio. Luego se oyó la voz del más viejo, quien dijo con suavidad desde el fondo de la habitación: "¡Como un dios!". aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-48974251849452179502016-10-24T08:52:00.001-05:002016-10-24T08:52:45.104-05:00Marta Lucia Vidal Fernandez<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yY4M7GGvC6w" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<a href="http://www.universidadcreativadelasartes.com/"><br />
Escucha Consciente - Sinfonia La Reforma</a>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-54788429146434935592016-04-07T00:30:00.000-05:002016-04-07T00:30:22.607-05:00conductor salva la vida a 24 pasajeros<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yOTCZa5XuHQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-47272900066050002282016-04-07T00:25:00.000-05:002016-04-07T00:25:30.774-05:00El héroe del Metro<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9WDmcTuxe1Q" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
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Uploaded on Dec 3, 2010<br />
El héroe del Metro salva la vida de un hombre en el metro de Madrid. alcobendasdigital.com<br />
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Un policía nacional fuera de servicio se ha convertido en un héroe anónimo al salvar a un hombre que iba a ser arrollado en las vías del Metro de Madrid, después de que éste perdiera el equilibrio en un anden de la estación Puerta del Ángel. Varios viajeros que esperaban en el andén la llegada de un convoy vieron cómo una persona perdía el equilibrio y caía a las vías y empezaron a gritar para alertar al conductor. Al percatarse de la situación, el agente ha corrido a lo largo del andén y se ha lanzado a las vías para arrastrar al hombre fuera de la trayectoria del metro, que no consiguió detenerse a tiempo. La persona que cayó a las vías es un ciudadano español de 41 años que ha resultado herido leve<br />
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aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-56323287613311387312016-04-07T00:20:00.000-05:002016-04-07T00:20:07.924-05:00el héroe de Tigre<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gCQj_0khAiQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
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Uploaded on Feb 10, 2010<br />
Un joven que circulaba como acompañante en una motocicleta salvó la vida del conductor de una camioneta que quedó atascada sobre las vías del ferrocarril.<br />
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El paso a nivel donde se produjo el increíble suceso está ubicado sobre la calle Perú en el límite de las localidades de General Pacheco y El Talar, ambas del partido de Tigre.<br />
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La camioneta Fiorino blanca, al igual que otro imprudente automovilista, esquivó la barrera que se encontraba baja y al querer cruzar se le detuvo el motor justo sobre las vías.<br />
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La moto con los 2 hombres miraba la situación atentamente. La camioneta parece que arranca pero se vuelve a quedar y uno de los hombres, el héroe de Tigre, se baja y empuja increíblemente la camioneta hacia el otro lado arriesgando su vida por este automovilista inconsciente que puso en riesgo su propia vida y la de terceros.<br />
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El tren casi lo arrolla, salva su vida de milagro y queda, los primeros segundos, atónito ante la mirada de los ocasionales espectadores.<br />
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Se dio cuenta que volvió a vivir. Festeja con su amigo que lo abraza emocionadamente. Grita a los cuatro vientos Sí, fui yo, yo solito la empujé y lo salvé en lo que se asemeja al festejo de un gol en el fútbol argentino de primera división.<br />
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Hasta festeja con los pasajeros del tren.<br />
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El inconsciente y el héroe nunca se conocieron. <br />
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La cámara del Municipio de Tigre que registró la situación identificó al irrespetuoso automovilista quien es buscado intensamente por el Centro de Operaciones Tigre para que pague por su falta.<br />
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Más de 330 cámaras monitorean los diferentes puntos del partido de Tigre las cuales permiten que la Policía detenga delincuentes, detectar incendios y accidentes o bien registrar imágenes de imprudentes automovilistas y un héroe como en este caso.aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-91922068534829209162016-03-31T22:35:00.006-06:002016-03-31T22:35:55.366-06:00toda la humanidad<h2>
<a href="http://www.telesurtv.net/opinion/Beirut-y-Paris-Historia-de-dos-ataques-terroristas-20151116-0036.html">Beirut y París: Historia de dos ataques terroristas</a></h2>
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Por: Belén Fernández <br />
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Publicado 16 noviembre 2015<br />
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Cuando llegó la noticia de los ataques terroristas en París, que en última instancia dejaron más de 120 muertos, el Presidente estadounidense, Barack Obama calificó la situación como "desgarradora" y un asalto "a toda la humanidad".<br />
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Esa simpatía presidencial estuvo notablemente ausente el día anterior cuando los ataques terroristas en Beirut dejaron más de 40 muertos. Como era de esperar, los medios de comunicación Occidentales y los medios sociales fueron mucho menos vocales sobre la masacre en el Líbano. <br />
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Este contenido ha sido publicado originalmente por teleSUR bajo la siguiente dirección: <br />
<a href="http://www.telesurtv.net/opinion/Beirut-y-Paris-Historia-de-dos-ataques-terroristas-20151116-0036.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.5s;">http://www.telesurtv.net/opinion/Beirut-y-Paris-Historia-de-dos-ataques-terroristas-20151116-0036.html</a>.aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-58393686139575224922016-01-20T20:53:00.000-06:002016-01-20T20:53:14.528-06:00武術と殺陣の研究会 PV<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aHklmkfdDyw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
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Published on Apr 16, 2013<br />
武術と殺陣の研究会 -武術から殺陣へ-aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-77584585649764408552015-09-20T02:49:00.000-05:002015-09-20T02:49:05.518-05:00音楽<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cgoHqeKjkKA" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Published on Aug 31, 2015<br />
8 Hour Music for Sleeping and Deep Relaxation - YellowBrickCinema is the leader in Sleep Music, Relaxing Music, Study Music, Meditation Music (including Tibetan Music and Shamanic Music), Healing Music, Reiki Music, Zen Music, Spa and Massage Music, and Yoga Music. <br />
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Published on Aug 27, 2015<br />
6 Hour Instrumental Guitar Music: Relaxing Music, Meditation Music <br />
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<span class="watch-time-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Published on Apr 2, 2014</span></div>
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Buy music on itunes <a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="https://itunes.apple.com/album/night-school-sleep-music/id863489364" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="https://itunes.apple.com/album/night-school-sleep-music/id863489364">https://itunes.apple.com/album/night-...</a><br /><br />Find out more: <a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://goo.gl/z8sgYr" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://goo.gl/z8sgYr">http://goo.gl/z8sgYr</a><br /><br />Buy Night School (UK): <a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://goo.gl/fZNTYO" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://goo.gl/fZNTYO">http://goo.gl/fZNTYO</a><br />Buy Night School (US): <a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://goo.gl/0ITtbH" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://goo.gl/0ITtbH">http://goo.gl/0ITtbH</a><br /><br />Richard Wiseman is based at the University of Hertfordshire <a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.herts.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.herts.ac.uk">http://www.herts.ac.uk</a><br /><br />Voice recording: Sarah Angliss and Colin Uttley <a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.sarahangliss.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.sarahangliss.com">http://www.sarahangliss.com</a><br /><br />Based on the following research:<br />Elliott, D., Polman, R., & McGregor, R. (2011). Relaxing Music for Anxiety Control Journal of Music Therapy, 48(3), 264-288</div>
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<br />aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-91390636496316894362015-06-18T20:42:00.000-05:002015-06-18T20:42:13.624-05:00SOBRE EL CUIDADO DE LA CASA COMÚN<div align="center">
<span style="color: #663300;">CARTA ENCÍCLICA<br /><i><a href="http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/es/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html">LAUDATO SI’</a></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #663300;">DEL SANTO PADRE<br /><b>FRANCISCO</b>SOBRE EL CUIDADO DE LA CASA COMÚN</span></div>
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<span style="color: #663300; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_sp.pdf"><img border="0" height="22" src="http://w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/images/latest/sub_index/img/pdf.png" width="22" /></a></span></div>
aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-22082419486075096072015-06-02T09:32:00.000-05:002015-06-02T09:32:08.889-05:00los riesgos de estar sentado demasiado tiempo<br />
AP<br />
<a href="http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/after-office/pasas-mucho-tiempo-sentado-tienes-que-leer-esto.html">01.06.2015 Última actualización 08:08 AM</a> <br />
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Etiquetas:<br />
Deporte, <br />
Investigación, <br />
ejercicio, <br />
Sedentarismo, <br />
British Journal of Sports Medicine, <br />
<br />
<br />
Los especialistas recomendaron a la gente comenzar con dos horas de estar de pie o de actividad ligera, agregando que con el tiempo deberían duplicar eso.<br />
<br />
En años recientes, los peligros de estar sentado demasiado tiempo han sido comparados con los del tabaquismo, incluso con investigaciones que indican que la gente que pasa la mayor parte de sus días sentada tiene mayor probabilidad de padecer obesidad, problemas cardiacos, cáncer e incluso de morir de manera prematura.<br />
<br />
Ni siquiera el ejercicio regular parece ayudar.<br />
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"Incluso si uno cumple lineamientos de actividad física, no se pueden evitar los riesgos de estar sentado demasiado tiempo", dijo Gavin Bradley, director del grupo de campaña Get Britain Standing, uno de los autores de las nuevas directrices. <br />
aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-58082883111974502332014-12-22T12:44:00.000-06:002014-12-18T17:00:08.635-06:00Glosario japonés-inglesthe link to the original blog is:<br />
<a href="http://aikidude.wordpress.com/aikido-glossary">http://aikidude.wordpress.com/aikido-glossary/ </a><br />
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In order to see the Japanese text within this post you will need a Japanese language pack installed for your choice of browser.<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
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<strong>Aikidōka </strong>- 合気道家 (あいきどうか): Aikidō practitioner. The last <em>kanji</em> 家 (it can be read “ie” also) means <em>family, house</em> and, better, when used as a suffix, like here, it takes the meanings of: house; family; person; expert; -ist (sort of: Aikidō-ist).<br />
And now let’s talk about directions:<br />
<strong>Hō </strong>- 方 (ほう) [ho]: direction (example: shi-hō-nage = four-direction-throw)<br />
<strong>Mae </strong>- 前 (まえ): front, before<br />
<strong>Ushiro </strong>- 後 (うしろ): back, behind<br />
<strong>Migi </strong>- 右 (みぎ): right<br />
<strong>Hidari </strong>- 左 (ひだり): left<br />
<strong>Omote </strong>- 表 (おもて): forward direction, or in the front side of the opponent<br />
<strong>Ura </strong>- 裏 (うら): backward direction or in the rear side of the opponent<br />
And let’s define the basic stance too:<br />
<strong>Hanmi </strong>- 半身 (はんみ): half-facing stance. Composed by the two kanji 半 (はん, han) = half; 身 (み, mi) = body.<br />
Or, the stance is also referred as:<br />
<strong>Kamae</strong> - 構え (かまえ): it comes from 構う [かまう] to mind; to care about; to be concerned about<br />
<strong> Migi Hanmi</strong> - 右 半身 (みぎ はんみ): right foot forward half-facing stance<br />
<strong> Hidari Hanmi</strong> - 左 半身 (ひだり はんみ): left foot forward half-facing stance<br />
<strong>Gyaku Hanmi</strong> - 逆 半身 (ぎゃく はんみ): opposite half-facing stance (one is in left stance and the other in right, for example)<br />
<strong>Ai Hanmi </strong>- 相 半身 (あい はんみ): same half-facing stance (both are either in left or right stance)<br />
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<br />
http://aikidude.wordpress.com/2006/10/06/glossary-updating/<br />
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<a href="http://www.martialartsplanet.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=59429">Martial Arts Planet</a><br />
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<span class="fullpost"><br />
<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">A</span></b><br />
<b>ai</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合</span>) meeting, harmony, unity, blending<br />
<b>aihanmi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合半身</span>) basic relation between partners: both have same foot forward (left or right),<br />
<b>aihanmi katatedori </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合半身片手取り</span>)wrist grip, right on right or left on left, also called kosadori<br />
<b>aiki</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気</span>)Meeting one's ki or energy with that of the partner<br />
<b>aikibatto</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気抜刀</span>)sword drawing exercises, solo or paired<br />
<b>aikibudo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気武道</span>)budo based on the aiki principle, earlier name for aikido<br />
<b>aikido</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気道</span>)-The way through the life energy to harmony/unity<br />
<b>aikidoka</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気道家</span>) - An aikido practicioner<br />
<b>aikido toho </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気道刀法</span>)Nishio sensei's iaido school<br />
<b>Aikijinja </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気神社</span>)the aikido temple in Iwama<br />
<b>aikijo </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気杖</span>)aikido jo-staff exercises<br />
<b>aikijujutsu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気柔術</span>)name on the Daito ryu Martial art, also called aikijujutsu<br />
<b>Aikikai</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気会</span>)organization and "label" for Ueshiba's aikido<br />
<b>aikiken</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気剣</span>)aikido sword exercises<br />
<b>aikinage</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気投げ</span>)aiki-throw, throwing technique<br />
<b>aiki no michi </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気の道</span>)aikido (michi=do)<br />
<b>aikiotoshi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気落とし</span>)aiki-drop, throwing technique<br />
<b>aikitaiso</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合気体操</span>)aikido warm-up exercises<br />
<b>aite </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">相手</span>)partner in training<br />
<b>arigato</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">有難う</span>)thanks<br />
<b>arigato gozaimasu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">有難う御座います</span>)thanks for something going on<br />
<b>arigato gozaimashita</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">有難う御座いました</span>)thanks for something completed<br />
<b>ashi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">足</span>)leg, foot<br />
<b>ate</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">当て</span>)hit, strike<br />
<b>atemi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">当身</span>)strike to the body<br />
<b>awase </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合わせ</span>)harmonizing/blending movement<br />
<b>ayumiashi </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">歩み足</span>)alternating footwork, like natural walking.<br />
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">B</span></b><br />
<b>batto </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">抜刀</span>)To draw the sword. Can also be an abbreviation of sword drawing arts or technique.<br />
<b>bo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">棒</span>)A staff. A staff of any length can be referred to technically as a bo, but usually this term refers to the 6' rokushakubo.<br />
<b>bokken</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">木剣</span>)wooden training sword<br />
<b>bokuto</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">木刀</span>)See bokken<br />
<b>budo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">武道</span>) Martial ways/the Japanese Martial arts<br />
<b>budoka</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">武道家</span>)A practicioner of budo<br />
<b>bugei</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">武芸</span>)Martial crafts. An older term still used in some circles<br />
<b>bugeisha</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">武芸者</span>) A practicioner or exponent of martial crafts<br />
<b>bujutsu </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">武術</span>) Martial arts<br />
<b>bukiwaza</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">武器技</span>)weapons techniques<br />
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">C</span></b><br />
<b>choku</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">直</span>) direct<br />
<b>chokusen</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">直線</span>) Direct/Straight line<br />
<b>chokutsuki</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">直突き</span>)direct strike with the jo, like a spear thrust.<br />
<b>chudan</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">中段</span>)middle level, compare jodan and gedan<br />
<b>chudan no kamae</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">中段の構え</span>)guard position with a weapon at belly height. Also known as Chudan gamae<br />
<b>chudan tsuki</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">中段突き</span>)strike at belly/solar plexus, with weapon or empty hand<br />
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">D</span></b><br />
<b>Daito ryu aikijujutsu </b>(<span style="color: darkred;">大東流合気柔術</span>) The main influence in Ueshiba O'sensei's formulation of aikido.<br />
<b>dan</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">段</span>)level, black belt grade in budo<br />
<b>deshi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">弟</span>)student<br />
<b>do</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">道</span>)way, also michi<br />
<b>dogi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">道着</span>)training dress, also keikogi<br />
<b>dojo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">道場</span>)training hall<br />
<b>dojo cho</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">道場長</span>)head of a training hall<br />
<b>domo arigato gozaimasu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">どうも有難う御座います</span>)Thank you so much, for something going on<br />
<b>domo arigato gozaimashita</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">どうも有難う御座いました</span>)thank you so much, for something completed<br />
<b>dori</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">取り</span>) Suffix version of tori. To take, grab or catch.<br />
<b>dosa</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">動作</span>) Exercise<br />
<b>doshu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">道主</span>)way leader, head of a budo. Lit. Master of a way.<br />
<b>dozo </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">どうぞ</span>)please/proceed/by all means<br />
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">G</span></b><br />
<b>gassho</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合掌</span>) The meeting of hands in respect to the kamiza and to the anscestors in the art.<br />
<b>gasshuku</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">合宿</span>)Training camp, lodging together<br />
<b>gedan </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">下段</span>) Low level, compare jodan and chudan<br />
<b>gedan barai</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">下段払い</span>)Low sweeping block<br />
<b>gedan no kamae</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">下段の構え</span>) Low level posture<br />
<b>go</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">五</span>)Five<br />
<b>gokyo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">五教</span>)Fifth teaching, pinning technique<br />
<b>gomen nasai</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">ごめんなさい</span>)Excuse me /Sorry<br />
<b>gyaku</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">逆</span>)Reverse, opposite<br />
<b>gyaku hanmi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">逆半身</span>) Left side hanmi and can also refer to two partners in hanmi on different sides.<br />
<b>gyakuhanmi katatedori</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">逆半身片手取り</span>)Wrist grip, right on left or left on right,<br />
<b>gyaku tsuki </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">逆突き</span>)Thrust punch with opposing arm and leg forward,<br />
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">H</span></b><br />
<b>hachi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">八</span>) eight<br />
<b>hajime</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">始め</span>) The verbal command to begin.<br />
<b>hakama</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">袴</span>)traditional wide pants, used in aikido and other traditional budo.<br />
<b>hanmi </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">半身</span>) half body<br />
<b>hanmi gamae</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">半身構え</span>)angled guard position<br />
<b>hanza handachi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">半座半立</span>)sitting versus standing. A situation commonly found in Daito-ryu aikijujutsu, aikido and koryu bujutsu.<br />
<b>hantai </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">反対</span>)opposed<br />
<b>happo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">八方</span>)eight directions,<br />
<b>hara</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">腹</span>)stomach<br />
<b>harai/barai</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">払い</span>)sweep away, parry<br />
<b>hasso gaeshi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">八相返</span>)jo-staff technique<br />
<b>hasso no kamae</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">八相の構え</span>)guard with weapon at shoulder level<br />
<b>henka waza</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">変化技</span>) Technique variations.<br />
<b>hidari </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">左</span>) left (right: migi)<br />
<b>hiji </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">肘</span>)elbow<br />
<b>hijidori</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">肘取り</span>)grip on elbow<br />
<b>hijikime osae </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">肘極め押さえ</span>)pinning technique, sometimes called rokkyo<br />
<b>hiki </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">引き</span>) From the verb "hiku", to pull<br />
<b>hineri </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">捻り</span>)Twist. From the verb "hineru".<br />
<b>hito e mi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">一重身</span>)making the body small, guard position, more triangular than hanmi<br />
<b>hiza </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">膝</span>)knee<br />
<b>ho</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">法</span>)method<br />
<b>ho</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">方</span>)direction, side<br />
<b>hombu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">本部</span>)head quarters<br />
<b>Hombu dojo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">本部道場</span>)headquarters dojo<br />
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<div>
<span class="fullpost"><b>I</b></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>iaido</b> (居合道)the art of drawing the Japanese sword</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>iaijutsu</b> (居合術) older term for iai</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>iaito</b> (居合刀)training sword, usually not sharpened</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ichi</b> (一)one</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ichiban</b> (一番)first, best</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ikkyo</b> (一教)first teaching, pinning technique</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ikkyo undo</b> (一教運動)exercise of the basic ikkyo movement</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ipponken</b> (一本拳)strike with one knuckle</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>irimi</b> (入り身)in to the body, inwards</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>irimi nage</b> (入り身投げ)entering throw, throwing technique</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>Iwama</b> (岩間)the town in Ibarai prefecture, where Osensei had a dojo and a home.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>Iwama ryu</b> (岩間流)Saito Morihiro sensei's aikido style. Since Saito sensei's passing, his son, Saito Hitohiro formed the Shin Shin Aikishurenkai.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>J</b></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jiyu-geiko</b> (自由稽古) free training or practice</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jiyu waza</b> (自由技)free technqiues</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jo</b> (杖)wooden polearm of roughly four feet in length.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jo awase</b> (杖合わせ)jo exercises</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jodan</b> (上段)high level, compare chudan and gedan</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jodan no kamae</b> (上段の構え) High level posture, usually armed.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jodan tsuki</b> (上段突き)thrust at head</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jodori</b> (杖取り)defense against jo-staff</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jo-tai-jo</b> (杖対杖)jo vs. jo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jo-tai-ken</b> (杖対剣) jo vs. ken</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ju</b> (十)ten</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ju</b> (柔)soft, pliable, flexible, gentle</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>judo</b> (柔道) the flexible way</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jujigarami/jujinage</b> (十字絡み・十字投げ)cross throw</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jujutsu</b> (柔術)the flexible/pliable art</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>junbi taiso</b> (準備体操)warm-up exercises, also called aikitaiso</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jun tsuki</b> (順突き)strike with the same arm and leg forward, also called oitsuki, compare gyakutsuki</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>jutsu</b> (術)technique/art</span></div>
<span class="fullpost"> __________________<br />
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="smallfont">
<span class="fullpost"><strong>K</strong> </span></div>
<hr size="1" style="color: #d1d1e1;" />
<span class="fullpost"> </span><br />
<div>
<span class="fullpost"><b>kaeshi/gaeshi</b> (返し)return, turn, reverse</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kaeshi tsuki</b> (返し突き)reverse strike with jo-staff</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kaeshi waza</b> (返し技)counter techniques</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kai</b> (会)club, association</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kaiten nage</b> (回転投げ)rotation throw, throwing technique</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kaiten osae</b> (回転押さえ)rotation pinning technique</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kakae dori</b> (抱え取り)embrace or bear hug</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kakari geiko</b> (掛り稽古)attackers in line, one after the other</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kakudo</b> (角度)angle</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kamae/gamae</b> (構え)guard position/posture</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kami</b> (神) divinity/the gods</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kamiza</b> (神座)honorary place in a dojo,</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kansetsu</b> (関節)joint (on body)</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>Kashima Shinto-ryu</b> (鹿島新当流)Koryu kenjutsu style that Ueshiba O'sensei and some of his uchideshi in Iwama trained in. Their names are historically recorded on the ryuha's eimeiroku (register).</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kata</b> (形)form, pre-decided movements</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kata</b> (肩)shoulder</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kata dori</b> (肩取り)shoulder grip</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>katadori menuchi</b> (肩取り面打ち)shoulder grip followed by shomenuchi</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>katame waza</b> (固め技)pinning techniques</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>katana</b> (刀)the Japanese sword, also ken, to and tachi</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>katate</b> (片手) Single handed</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>katate dori</b> (片手取り)single handed wrist-grip</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>katate ryote dori</b> (片手両手取り)grip with both hands, also called morotedori</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>keiko/geiko</b> (稽古)training</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>keikogi</b> (稽古着)training dress, also dogi</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ken</b> (剣)sword, also katana, to and tachi</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kendo</b> (剣道)Japanese modern sport focused fencing</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ki</b> (気)spirit, life energy</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kiai</b> (気合)gathered ki, usually used for shout in budo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kihon</b> (気合)basics</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kihon waza</b> (基本)basic training</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kikai tanden</b> (気海丹田)the ocean of ki in the body's center</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kime</b> (決め)focusing</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kimusubi</b> (気結び)Tying one's ki to that of the partner</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kinagare/ki no nagare</b> (気の流れ)Ki flow.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kiri/giri</b> (切り・斬り)Cut</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kirikaeshi</b> (切り返し)Returning cuts in kumitachi. Is also a training exercise in kendo & kenjutsu</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kobudo</b> (古武道)Older budo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kobujutsu</b> (古武術) Older martial arts</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kogeki</b> (攻撃)attack</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kogekiho</b> (攻撃法)Attacking techniques</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kokoro</b> (心)Heart or mind, also pronounced shin</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kokyu</b> (呼吸)Breathing</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kokyuho</b> (呼吸法)Breathing exercise/breathing method</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kokyu nage</b> (呼吸投げ)Breath throw</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kokyu ryoku</b> (呼吸力)Breath power</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>koshi</b> (腰)Hip</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>koshi nage</b> (腰投げ)Hip throw</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kote</b> (小手)Wrist & forearm area</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kote gaeshi</b> (小手返し)Reversed wrist, throwing technique</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kote hineri</b> (小手捻り)Twisted wrist, sankyo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kote mawashi</b> (小手廻し)Turned wrist, nikyo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>ku/kyu</b> (九)Nine</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kubi</b> (首)Neck</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kubi shime</b> (首絞め・首締め)Neck choke</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kumi</b> (組み)Group, set</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kumijo</b> (組杖)Jo-staff exercises, jo against jo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kumitachi</b> (組太刀)Sword exercises, sword against sword</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kumite</b> (組手)Free sparring, not unlike judo randori.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kumi-uchi</b> (組討)An older term for jujutsu. Some of the techniques in kumi-uchi are very similar to sumo.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kuzushi</b> (崩し) To break balance</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kyo</b> (教) teaching</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>kyu</b> (級)Grade before blackbelt</span></div>
<span class="fullpost">__________________<br />
<br />
<div>
<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">M</span></b><br />
<b>ma-ai </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">間合</span>)harmonious, balanced distance between training partners<br />
<b>mae</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">前</span>)front, forward, compare ushiro<br />
<b>mae geri </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">前蹴</span>)straight kick<br />
<b>mae ukemi </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">前受身</span>)forward fall<br />
<b>makiwara</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">巻藁</span>)target for hitting practice in karatedo<br />
<b>maru</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">丸</span>)circle<br />
<b>mawashi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">回し</span>)revolving, turning<br />
<b>mawashi geri </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">廻蹴り</span>)roundhouse kick<br />
<b>mawate</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">回って</span>)Vocal order to turn<br />
<b>me</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">目</span>)eye<br />
<b>men</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">面</span>) Head area<br />
<b>Me Tsubushi </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">目潰</span>) To distract the uke by attacking the eyes.<br />
<b>michi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">道</span>)way, also do<br />
<b>migi </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">右</span>)right (left: hidari)<br />
<b>misogi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">禊</span>)purification, cleansing<br />
<b>mochi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">持ち</span>)hold/grip, also called dori<br />
<b>mochigata</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">持ち方</span>) Ways of grabbing<br />
<b>mokuso</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">黙想</span>)meditation,clearing of the mind<br />
<b>morote dori </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">諸手取り</span>)grip with both hands, also called katate ryotedori<br />
<b>mu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">無</span>)nothing, empty<br />
<b>mushin</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">無心</span>)empty mind<br />
<b>mudansha</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">無段者</span>)trainee without dan grade, compare yudansha<br />
<b>mune</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">胸</span>)chest<br />
<b>mune dori</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">胸取り</span>)collar grip by the chest<br />
<b>musubi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">結び</span>)tie together - connection<br />
<b>nagare</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">流れ</span>)flow, streaming. Also nagashi<br />
<b>nage </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">投げ</span>)throw, also used for the one doing the aikido technique, compare tori<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">N</span></b><br />
<b>nage waza</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">投げ技</span>)throwing techniques<br />
<b>nana</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">七</span>)seven, also pronounced shichi<br />
<b>ni</b> two<br />
<b>Nihon/Nippon</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">日本</span>)Japan<br />
<b>nikyo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">二教</span>)second teaching, pinning technique<br />
<b>ninindori </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">二人取り</span>)two attackers, also called futaridori , from the tasunindori exercises in Daito-ryu.<br />
<b>noto</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">納刀</span>)resheathing of the sword into the scabbard<br />
<b>nukitsuke</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">抜き付け</span>)drawing the sword, also called batto</div>
<br />
<div class="smallfont">
<strong>O-r</strong> </div>
<hr size="1" style="color: #d1d1e1;" />
<div>
<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">O</span></b><br />
<b>obi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">帯</span>)belt<br />
<b>omote</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">表</span>)front, surface<br />
<b>onegai shimasu </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">お願いします</span>)please, asking for something<br />
<b>osae</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">押さえ</span>)press down, pinning<br />
<b>osensei</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">翁先生</span>)great teacher, in aikido Morihei Ueshiba<br />
<b>otagai ni rei </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">お互いに礼</span>)bow to each others<br />
<b>otoshi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">落とし</span>)drop<br />
<b>oyo waza </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">応用</span>)applied techniques, modified for efficiency<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: darkgreen;">R</span></b><br />
<b>randori</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">乱捕り</span>)<br />
<b>rei</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">礼</span>)bow<br />
<b>reigi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">礼儀</span>)etiquette, also called reishiki (<span style="color: darkred;">礼式</span>) or reiho (礼法)<br />
<b>renshu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">練習</span>)training<br />
<b>renzoku</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">連続</span>)continuous<br />
<b>renzoku uchikomi</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">連続打ち込み</span>)jo-staff exercise<br />
<b>renzoku waza</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">連続技</span>)consecutive techniques, a series of techniques<br />
<b>renraku waza</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">連絡技</span>) Combination techniques<br />
<b>ritsurei</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">立礼</span>)standing bow<br />
<b>rokkyo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">六教</span>)sixth teaching, pinning technique, see hijikime osae<br />
<b>roku </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">六</span>)six<br />
<b>ryo</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">両</span>)both<br />
<b>ryotedori </b> (<span style="color: darkred;">両手取り</span>)gripping both wrists<br />
<b>ryu</b> (<span style="color: darkred;">流</span>)school, also ryuha (<span style="color: darkred;">流派</span>)or ryugi (<span style="color: darkred;">流儀</span>)<br />
<br />
<div class="smallfont">
<strong>S</strong> </div>
<hr size="1" style="color: #d1d1e1;" />
<div>
<b>sabaki</b> (捌き) movement/handling<br />
<b>san</b> (三)three<br />
<b>sankaku</b> (三角)triangle<br />
<b>sankakudai</b> (三角体)triangle shape, position of the feet in hanmi<br />
<b>sankyo</b> (三教)third teaching, pinning technique<br />
<b>sannindori/sanningake</b> (三人取り・三人掛け)three attackers<br />
<b>sanpo</b> (三方)three directions<br />
<b>saya</b> (鞘)scabbard<br />
<b>seiki</b> (生気)life energy<br />
<b>seiza</b> (正座)correct sitting, sit on knees<br />
<b>sen no sen</b> (先の先) initiating at the same instant as an attack<br />
<b>sensei</b> (先生)one who has gone before - usually applied to a person leading a class in aikido<br />
<b>sensen no sen</b> (先々の先)initiating before the attack begins.<br />
<b>shi</b> (四)four, also pronounced yon<br />
<b>shiai</b> (試合)competition or match, meaning to literally meet and test. The older meaning was a lot more serious; (死合) to meet with death.<br />
<b>shichi</b> (七)seven, also pronounced nana<br />
<b>shidoin </b> (指導員)instructor, middle title for aikido teacher, 4-5 dan<br />
<b>shihan</b> (師範) Literally means teacher. Japanese practicioners who reach rokudan are automatically titled Shihan.<br />
<b>shiho</b> (四方)four directions<br />
<b>shihonage</b> (四方投げ)four directions throw, throwing technique<br />
<b>shihogiri</b> (四方切り) Cutting in four directions, one of the kihon taught in aikiken.<br />
<b>shikaku</b> (四角)square<br />
<b>shikko</b> (膝行)knee walking<br />
<b>shime</b> (絞め)choke<br />
<b>shin</b> (心)heart, will, mind, also pronounced kokoro<br />
<b>shinken </b> (真剣) A live Japanese sword. Also refers to being serious in modern day Japanese.<br />
<b>shinken shobu</b> (真剣勝負) A life or death match. Teachers in Japan sometimes refer to shinken shobu keiko - Training as if your life depended upon it.<br />
<b>shinzen</b> (神前) front of the gods, facing towards the kamiza.<br />
<b>shisei</b> (姿勢)posture<br />
<b>shizentai</b> (自然体)natural body posture<br />
<b>shodan</b> (初段)first dan grade<br />
<b>shomen</b> (正面)front of the head. Also, the front of the dojo where the kamiza is.<br />
<b>shomen ni rei</b> (正面に礼)bow to head place of the dojo<br />
<b>shomenuchi</b> (正面打ち)cut or blow to head<br />
<b>shoshinsha</b> (初心者)beginner<br />
<b>shuto</b> (手刀) sword hand<br />
<b>sode</b> (袖)sleeve<br />
<b>sodedori</b> (袖取り)sleeve grip<br />
<b>sodeguchidori</b> (袖口取り)grip on the cuff of the sleeve<br />
<b>soto</b> (外)outside, outer, compare uchi<br />
<b>soto deshi</b> (外弟子)student who lives outside the dojo, compare uchideshi<br />
<b>soto kaiten</b> (外回転)outer rotation, compare uchikaiten<br />
<b>soto uke</b> (外受け)block from outside, compare uchiuke<br />
<b>suburi</b> (素振り)basic exercises with sword or staff<br />
<b>suki</b> (隙)opening or a weakness in one's technique or posture<br />
<b>sumi</b> (隅)corner<br />
<b>sumikiri</b> (隅きり)sharpness of body and mind<br />
<b>sumimasen</b> (すみません) excuse me/sorry<br />
<b>sumo</b> (相撲)traditional Japanese wrestling<br />
<b>sutemi waza</b> (捨て身技) Sacrifice techniques where you give away your position to exploit your opponent's vulnerability<br />
<b>suwari waza</b> (座り技)seated training, also called suwate. In jujutsu, usually referred to as Idori (居捕)<br />
<b>suwatte waza</b> (座って技)seated training, also called suwariwaza</div>
__________________<br />
<br />
<div>
<b>tachi</b> (太刀)sword, also nihonto, ken and katana<br />
<b>tachi ai</b> (立ち合い) training where both parties stand<br />
<b>tachidori</b> (太刀取り) defense against sword. lit. "Sword taking"<br />
<b>tachi waza</b> (立ち技)standing techniques<br />
<b>tai</b> (体)body<br />
<b>taijutsu</b> (体術)body techniques, unarmed techniques. Also another term used instead of jujutsu<br />
<b>tai no henko</b> (体の変更)body turn, also called tai no tenkan<br />
<b>tai no tenkan</b> (体の転換)body turn, also called tai no henko<br />
<b>tai sabaki</b> (体捌き)body move, evasive movement in aikido<br />
<b>taiso</b> (体操)exercises<br />
<b>takemusu</b> (武産)improvised Martial art. The unification of mind, body and principle in aiki. "The spontaneous execution of limitless techniques".<br />
<b>takemusu aiki</b> (武産合気)improvised Martial art through the principle of aiki<br />
<b>tameshigiri</b> (試し斬り)cutting test with sword<br />
<b>tanden</b> (丹田)body center, compare seika no itten<br />
<b>tanren</b> (鍛錬)drilling to forge the spirit<br />
<b>tanto</b> (短刀) Japanese style dagger<br />
<b>tantodori</b> (短刀取り)defense against knife<br />
<b>tatami</b> (畳)mat<br />
<b>te</b> (手)hand<br />
<b>tegatana</b> (手刀) sword hand. To use the hand to strike in sword-like movements.<br />
<b>tekubi</b> (手首)wrist<br />
<b>tekubi osae</b> (手首押さえ)pinned wrist, yonkyo<br />
<b>tenchi nage</b> (天地投げ)heaven-earth throw, throwing technique<br />
<b>tenkan</b> (転換)turn<br />
<b>tobikoshi</b> (飛び腰)fall over hip, break fall<br />
<b>tori</b> (取り・捕り)the one who takes, defender in aikido, also called nage and shite (Pronounced "Shtay" for you wiseguys out there!)<br />
<b>torifune</b> (取り船)rowing exercise, also called funakogi undo<br />
<b>tsuba</b> (鍔)sword guard<br />
<b>tsugiashi</b> (次足)sliding step, back foot following and not passing front foot<br />
<b>tsuka</b> (柄)sword hilt<br />
<b>tsuki</b> (突き)to thrust with a weapon or empty hand</div>
__________________<br />
<br />
<div>
<b>U</b><br />
<br />
<b>uchi</b> (打ち)to strike or hit<br />
<b>uchi</b> (外)inside, within, inner, compare soto<br />
<b>uchi deshi</b> (内弟子)student living in the dojo, compare sotodeshi<br />
<b>uchi kaiten</b> (内回転)inner rotation, compare sotokaiten<br />
<b>uchi gata</b> (打ち方)striking methods<br />
<b>uchikomi</b> (打ち込み)hitting repeatedly<br />
<b>uchi uke</b> (内受け)block from inside, compare sotouke<br />
<b>ude</b> (腕)arm<br />
<b>ude kime nage</b> (腕極め投げ)arm lock throw<br />
<b>ude nobashi</b> (腕延ばし)extended arm, gokyo<br />
<b>ude osae</b> (腕押さえ)pinned arm, ikkyo<br />
<b>uke</b> (受け)the one receiving, attacker in aikido<br />
<b>uke</b> (受け)block, parry<br />
<b>ukemi</b> (受身)falling<br />
<b>undo</b> (運動)exercise<br />
<b>ura</b> (裏)backside, inside, reverse side, compare omote<br />
<b>uraken</b> (裏拳)backfist strike<br />
<b>ushiro</b> (後ろ)behind, backwards, compare mae<br />
<b>ushiro kiriotoshi</b> (後ろ切り落とし)rear cutting drop, throwing technique<br />
<b>ushiro ukemi</b> (後ろ受身)backward fall<br />
<b>ushiro waza</b> (後ろ技)techniques from behind<br />
<br />
<b>W</b><br />
<br />
<b>waka sensei</b> (若先生)young teacher, used in aikido for successor of Doshu<br />
<b>wakarimasen</b> (分かりません)I do not understand<br />
<b>waki</b> (脇)side<br />
<b>waki gatame</b> (脇固め) side armlock in jujutsu, similar to hiji shime<br />
<b>wakizashi</b> (脇差)short sword, also called a kodachi (小太刀)<br />
<b>waza</b> (技)technique, skill, training method<br />
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<b>Y</b><br />
<br />
<b>yame</b> (止め)verbal order to stop<br />
<b>yari </b> (槍・鑓)spear<br />
<b>yoko</b> (横)side, sideways, horizontal<br />
<b>yokomen</b> (横面)side of the head<br />
<b>yokomenuchi</b> (横面打ち)strike to the side of the head<br />
<b>yoko ukemi</b> (横受身)side fall<br />
<b>yon</b> (四)four, also pronounced shi, however is rarely used, since shi rhymes with the Japanese word for death (死)<br />
<b>yonkajo</b> (四ヶ条)older term for yonkyo<br />
<b>yonkyo</b> (四教)fourth teaching, pinning technique<br />
<b>yudansha</b> (有段者)dan graded, compare mudansha<br />
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<b>Z</b><br />
<br />
<b>za</b> (座)seated, sit<br />
<b>zanshin</b> (残心)remaining spirit, continued concentration. Awareness focused on the opponent after the execution of a technique.<br />
<b>zarei</b> (座礼)sitting bow<br />
<b>zazen</b> (座禅)sitting meditation, also called mokuso<br />
<b>zen</b> (禅)a form of buddhism<br />
<b>zengo</b> (前後) forward and back, front and rear<br />
<b>zori</b> (草履)sandals</div>
__________________</div>
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</span>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-86081166478872433512014-11-11T09:02:00.000-06:002014-11-11T09:02:01.057-06:00ejercicio para ojos<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphiPzKnc6-e0YdcdtL_y7PgWcJYdGPhegDrapHa4k794ZEJORnpd7uJEYVqf0Xaih5esu25lx4fHJ-PC01wqxJFpHbscVllLA5m2AKa-si-3hghF7n3ZlfnV8N_zWVSheX3sNqcl85SZB/s1600/ojos-yoga-ok.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphiPzKnc6-e0YdcdtL_y7PgWcJYdGPhegDrapHa4k794ZEJORnpd7uJEYVqf0Xaih5esu25lx4fHJ-PC01wqxJFpHbscVllLA5m2AKa-si-3hghF7n3ZlfnV8N_zWVSheX3sNqcl85SZB/s1600/ojos-yoga-ok.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://revista.ciudadyoga.com/cuerpo-sano/yoga/saludable/45-yoga-para-ojos-dile-adios-a-la-vista-cansada-1">Recomendaciones para el ejercicio</a>:<br />
<br />
1.- Trata de hacerlo diario, si no se puede, hazlo cada tercer día o una vez a la semana, hasta que se vuelva un hábito.<br />
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2.- No necesitas invertir mucho tiempo, con uno o dos minutos que dediques a la práctica es suficiente.<br />
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3.-La puede hacer cualquier persona, desde niños que puedan seguir las instrucciones hasta adultos de cualquier edad.aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-30071843051689333192014-10-21T21:01:00.002-05:002014-10-21T21:24:14.663-05:00la mala circulación sanguínea<div style="color: #606369; font-family: signikaregular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<a href="https://www.msdsalud.es/manual-merck-hogar/seccion-3/enfermedad-arterias-perifericas.html">La enfermedad arterial oclusiva</a> incluye la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, que puede provocar un infarto, y la enfermedad arterial periférica, que afecta a la aorta abdominal y sus principales ramificaciones, así como las arterias de las piernas. Otras enfermedades vasculares periféricas son la enfermedad de Buerger, la enfermedad de Raynaud y la acrocianosis.</div>
<div class="caja2col left" style="color: #606369; float: left; font-family: signikaregular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-right: 23.03125px; width: 360.953125px;">
<img alt="Obstrucción de la irrigación del hígado" src="https://www.msdsalud.es/Assets/images/contenidos/mmerck_hogar/seccion_03_37.gif" style="border: none; height: auto; width: 360.953125px;" /><div style="color: #85888e; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: signikabold, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Obstrucción de la irrigación intestinal </span><br />La arteria mesentérica superior irriga gran parte del intestino. Cuando esta arteria se obstruye, el tejido intestinal inicia un proceso de degeneración hasta destruirse.</div>
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<div style="color: #606369; font-family: signikaregular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
Las personas con enfermedad arterial periférica tienen habitualmente aterosclerosis, una enfermedad en la cual la grasa se acumula debajo del revestimiento de la pared arterial y estrecha gradualmente la arteria. Sin embargo, una oclusión arterial parcial o completa puede ser el resultado de otras causas, como un coágulo sanguíneo. Cuando se produce el estrechamiento de una arteria, las partes del organismo que irriga reciben un flujo sanguíneo insuficiente. La consiguiente disminución de la provisión de oxígeno (isquemia) puede manifestarse súbitamente (isquemia aguda) o de forma gradual (isquemia crónica).</div>
<div style="color: #606369; font-family: signikaregular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
Para ayudar a prevenir la enfermedad arterial periférica, se debe reducir el número de factores de riesgo de la aterosclerosis, como el hábito de fumar, la obesidad, la hipertensión y los valores altos de colesterol. Otra de las causas principales de enfermedad arterial periférica es la diabetes, por lo que un tratamiento adecuado de la misma puede retrasar el desarrollo de la enfermedad arterial. Una vez que la enfermedad arterial periférica se manifiesta, el principal objetivo es el tratamiento de las complicaciones (calambres en las piernas al caminar, angina de pecho, arritmias, insuficiencia cardíaca, infarto, ictus e insuficiencia renal).</div>
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Si crees que ha llegado el momento de ponerle remedio a la mala circulación sanguínea toma nota de nuestros consejos:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Hacer ejercicio</b>: para que la sangre circule es fundamental el ejercicio y el movimiento. Reactiva la circulación de tus piernas dedicando al menos 30 minutos al día a caminar, correr, nadar y montar en bicicleta.</li>
<li><b>Estiramientos por la mañana</b>: lo primero que debes hacer antes de levantarte por las mañanas es estirar todos los músculos de tu cuerpo. Hacerlo ayudará a activarte después de varias horas de descanso e inactividad.</li>
<li><b>Terminar las duchas con agua fría</b>: no es necesario que te duches con agua fría, con los instantes finales ya es suficiente para que tu sangre fluya de la manera adecuada. Además, al salir de la ducha te sentirás mucho más relajada.</li>
<li>En el trabajo: si tu empleo te obliga a pasar muchas horas en una silla debes <b>moverte al menos unos minutos cada hora</b> y mantener los pies elevados de vez en cuando. Si notas pequeños calambres en las piernas levántate y camino durante un rato hasta que se te pase.</li>
<li><b>Evitar la ropa estrecha</b>: presionar las piernas o la cintura con unos pantalones demasiado ajustados empeora considerablemente tu circulación. Tenlo en cuenta a la hora de comprarte ropa e intenta buscar aquellas con las que tengas más flexibilidad.</li>
<li><b>Beber mucha agua</b>: para poder eliminar todos los líquidos que te sobran es necesario beber mucha agua. Se aconseja beber al menos 2 litros de agua al día para poder notar sus beneficios y mejorar en calidad de vida.</li>
<li><b>Comer menos carne</b>: no debe desaparecer de tu dieta, pero tampoco se puede convertir en la base de tu alimentación. La carne contiene grasas animales que generan residuos indeseables en tu cuerpo. Aprende a controlar las cantidades de carne que comes a la semana.</li>
<li><b>Cuidado con la sal</b>: la ingesta excesiva de sodio empeora tu circulación sanguínea. Se recomienda usar siempre sal marina ya que es menos perjudicial.</li>
<li><b>Potasio</b>: en cambio, el potasio ayuda a eliminar el exceso de líquidos en tu cuerpo. Entre los alimentos ricos en potasio se encuentran el arroz integral, los cereales integrales, el germen de trigo, el aguacate, todas las frutas frescas, las ciruelas o las pasas.</li>
<li><b>Vitamina E</b>: para una mejor circulación sanguínea es fundamental que los alimentos con vitamina E estén muy presentes en tu dieta. Algunos de ellos son los cacahuetes, las olivas, el salmón, el atún, la ternera, los huevos, el pollo y todos los derivados de la leche.</li>
<li>Otros <b>alimentos beneficiosos</b>: el aceite de oliva, las nueces, la miel, las hortalizas y las verduras también ayudan a mejorar tu circulación sanguínea. En cuanto a la dieta, debemos incluir <a href="http://vivirsalud.imujer.com/4033/10-alimentos-ricos-en-magnesio">alimentos ricos en magnesio</a>, calcio, vitaminas E, K y C. Por otra parte, los alimentos picantes como la cayena, curry, canela, pimienta pueden aumentar la frecuencia cardíaca, de forma que fluya más sangre a los pies. Además, debemos evitar los productos lácteos, ya que aumentan esta <strong>sensación de frío</strong> , y la <a href="http://vivirsalud.imujer.com/4488/beneficios-y-peligros-de-la-cafeina">cafeína</a> , que comprime los vasos sanguíneos. La deshidratación también puede enfriar los pies, por lo que el consumo regular de agua será beneficioso. </li>
</ul>
aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-30705845264421286552014-09-07T02:27:00.000-05:002014-09-05T22:04:53.849-05:00la calle<iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tlXxVPt7rrQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
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<iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/7qq79eF96e8" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-48952635443118451812014-08-10T10:53:00.000-05:002014-08-07T02:31:25.952-05:00la basura es un recurso<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpjoP2i-y7ekSOyCEZo7EQsRmaBp4kYqR49CrPEAJaX9JqxJPqxkemzlvT6vhIo8k9EykvU_7pOZl244ms_prR3hBae9Ddd7nhJ9g4SX7CkJK5qGswN4RQBJtt8iq6-wLZq6K05pdFvyAx/s1600/392455_10150951952168516_149409117_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpjoP2i-y7ekSOyCEZo7EQsRmaBp4kYqR49CrPEAJaX9JqxJPqxkemzlvT6vhIo8k9EykvU_7pOZl244ms_prR3hBae9Ddd7nhJ9g4SX7CkJK5qGswN4RQBJtt8iq6-wLZq6K05pdFvyAx/s1600/392455_10150951952168516_149409117_n.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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la basura es basura porque esta revuelta. si se separa no es basura, es plástico, papel, material orgánico, aluminio,etc. todo valioso y caro de producir. un problema (solución) es que el impacto depende de que todos participemos y existan mecanismo de reciclajeaguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-85644940726741578562014-08-10T09:49:00.000-05:002014-08-07T02:30:58.682-05:00The Gaia hypothesis<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/YCPbV_KODbI" width="560"></iframe><br />
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The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" target="_blank"> <b>Gaia hypothesis</b></a>, also known as <b>Gaia theory</b> or <b>Gaia principle</b>, proposes that all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> and their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> surroundings on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex system</a>, maintaining the conditions for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on the planet.<br />
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The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_investigation" title="Scientific investigation">scientific investigation</a> of the Gaia hypothesis focuses on observing how the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of life forms contribute to the stability of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">global temperature</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosalinity" title="Paleosalinity">ocean salinity</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">oxygen in the atmosphere</a> and other factors of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a> in a preferred <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. The Gaia hypothesis was formulated by the chemist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a> and co-developed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologist" title="Microbiologist">microbiologist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> in the 1970s. Initially received with hostility by the scientific community, it is now studied in the disciplines of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysiology" title="Geophysiology">geophysiology</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a>, and some of its principles have been adopted in fields like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a>. This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> hypothesis has also inspired analogies and various interpretations in social sciences, politics, and religion under a vague <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_philosophy" title="Gaia philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Movement" title="Gaia Movement">movement</a>.<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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Since life started on Earth, the energy provided by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> has increased by 25% to 30%;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Owen1979_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis#cite_note-Owen1979-7">[8]</a></sup> however, the surface temperature of the planet has remained within the levels of habitability, reaching quite regular low and high margins. Lovelock has also hypothesised that methanogens produced elevated levels of methane in the early atmosphere, giving a view similar to that found in petrochemical smog, similar in some respects to the atmosphere on Titan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> This, he suggests tended to screen out ultraviolet until the formation of the ozone screen, maintaining a degree of homeostasis. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> research, as a result of "oxygen shocks" and reduced methane levels, that led during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huronian" title="Huronian">Huronian</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturtian" title="Sturtian">Sturtian</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinoan" title="Marinoan">Marinoan</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Varanger</a> Ice Ages the world to very nearly become a solid "snowball" contradicts the Gaia hypothesis somewhat, although the ending of these <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> periods through bio-geophysiological processes accords well with Lovelock's theory.<br />
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Processing of the greenhouse gas CO<sub>2</sub>, explained below, plays a critical role in the maintenance of the Earth temperature within the limits of habitability.<br />
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a>, inspired by the Gaia theory, proposes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback loop</a> that operates between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CLAW87_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis#cite_note-CLAW87-10">[11]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> specifically proposes that particular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> that produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a> are responsive to variations in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_forcing" title="Climate forcing">climate forcing</a>, and that these responses lead to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback loop</a> that acts to stabilise the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>.<br />
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Currently this Gaian homeostatic balance is being pushed by the increase of human population and the impact of their activities to the environment. The multiplication of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> may cause a turn of Gaia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedbacks</a> into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a>. According to Lovelock, this could bring an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lovelock#The_revenge_of_Gaia" title="James Lovelock">accelerated global warming</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lovelock#Climate_and_mass_human_mortality" title="James Lovelock">mass human mortality</a>.<br />
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The importance of the large number of species in an ecosystem, led to two sets of views about the role played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in the stability of ecosystems in Gaia theory. In one school of thought labelled the "species redundancy" hypothesis, proposed by Australian ecologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Walker_%28ecologist%29" title="Brian Walker (ecologist)">Brian Walker</a>, most species are seen as having little contribution overall in the stability, comparable to the passengers in an aeroplane who play little role in its successful flight. The hypothesis leads to the conclusion that only a few key species are necessary for a healthy ecosystem. The "rivet-popper" hypothesis put forth by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> and his wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_H._Ehrlich" title="Anne H. Ehrlich">Anne H. Ehrlich</a>, compares each species forming part of an ecosystem as a rivet on the aeroplane (represented by the ecosystem). The progressive loss of species mirrors the progressive loss of rivets from the plane, weakening it till it is no longer sustainable and crashes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LeakeyLewin1996_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis#cite_note-LeakeyLewin1996-13">[14]</a></sup><br />
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Later extensions of the Daisyworld simulation which included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a> and other species, led to a surprising finding that the larger the number of species, the greater the improving effects on the entire planet (i.e., the temperature regulation was improved). It also showed that the system was robust and stable even when perturbed. Daisyworld simulations where environmental changes were stable gradually became less diverse over time; in contrast gentle perturbations led to bursts of species richness. These findings lent support to the idea that biodiversity is valuable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lovelock2000_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis#cite_note-Lovelock2000-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
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This finding was later proved in a eleven-year old study of the factors species composition, dynamics and diversity in successional and native grasslands in Minnesota by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tilman" title="David Tilman">David Tilman</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_A._Downing&action=edit&redlink=1" title="John A. Downing (page does not exist)">John A. Downing</a> wherein they discovered that "primary productivity in more diverse plant communities is more resistant to, and recovers more fully from, a major drought". They go on to add "Our results support the diversity stability hypothesis but not the alternative hypothesis that most species are functionally redundant<br />
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Corporate Knights presents Dr. James Lovelock, originator of The Gaia Hypothesis (also known as Gaia Theory), discussing the need for human adaptation and survival in a coming era of massive environmental change due to global heating. Part 1 in a series of 5 as Dr. Lovelock lectures on his latest book, "The Vanishing Face of Gaia".<br />
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Stay tuned to www.corporateknights.ca for Episodes 2-5. Part 2 will be available July 2.<br />
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Videography & Editing by Jon-Erik Lappano, Editorial Assistant.<br />
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<h3><a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48039856/ns/weather/#.T_HT6xee6So">Millions without power as stifling heat wave hammers eastern US</a></h3><br />
The eastern U.S. on Monday was hammered by the fourth consecutive day of stifling heat after a weekend of violent storms that killed 15 people and knocked out power to millions.<br />
More than 2 million people were still without power Monday morning, with the biggest concentration of outages in the Washington, D.C. area.<br />
"Hot and hotter will continue to be the story from the plains to the Atlantic Coast for the next few days," the National Weather Service said.<br />
Monday morning brought another grim challenge when many embarked on a difficult commute over roads with darkened stoplights.<br />
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<a href="http://www.juancole.com/2012/06/global-warming-and-colorados-great-fire.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+juancole%2Fymbn+%28Informed+Comment%29" target="_blank">Weather is specific events, climate is the long-term pattern</a>. Catastrophes like the forest fire in Colorado that has expelled 32,000 people from their homes are the results of weather. But long-term climate change can increase the likelihood of such events. That is, we may have a big, wet snow in Colorado some winter in the near future. But you have to average it with all the winters like the past one, relatively warm and dry, and the latter will have the edge over time if we go on with our high-carbon ways.<br />
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Over the coming decades, the American Southwest will become drier and warmer as a result of all the carbon dioxide and soot that the US, China and other industrial societies are dumping into the atmosphere. <br />
Therefore there will be more forest fires like the one in Colorado. And, as <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/12/us-climate-wildfires-idUSBRE85B09420120612"> Deborah Zabarenko writes for Reuters, the scientific evidence</a> on this dim future is building up.<br />
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Zabarenko follows up on a recent article in the journal <a href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/ES11-00345.1"> Ecosphere</a>, which lays out the case, and I was delighted to find is available in full text on the Web.<br />
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Professor Max A. Moritz at the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley and his colleagues find the long-term probability of increase of forest fires in the American southwest is high.<br />
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Texas and Arizona are among those states at risk — further evidence that the Red States that engage in active climate change denial are committing suicide. I suspect most Coloradans know exactly what is happening to them and why, and my heart goes out to them.<br />
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<h1>Mexico -<br />
Mixteca Region (Oaxaca) – <br />
<a href="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region.html" target="_blank">Fighting Desertification with Community Reforestation and Sustainable Agriculture</a></h1><br />
<b>Author</b>: <a href="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/contact-us.html#david">David Nuñez</a> and <a href="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/contact-us.html#gerry">Gerry Marten</a><br />
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The region known as <b>La Mixteca northeast of the City of Oaxaca looks like a desert, though in the past it was covered with forest.</b> <b>The desolate landscape and desertification process are the result of generations of bad land-use practices.</b> The causes that converted forests into wastelands are many and complex. Some say the tradition of overexploiting natural resources extends back to the days of the Aztecs, who demanded heavy tribute from the local Mixtec population. During the centuries of Spanish colonization, the construction of massive missions required large amounts of lumber, and goats were introduced into an already degraded landscape. The region became a corridor for driving goats to market, and excessive grazing prevented the recovery of forests that were logged for railroad ties, cleared for agriculture expansion, or (mainly oaks) cut for firewood and charcoal – the primary fuel in the region’s rural communities to this day.<br />
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Centuries of degradation were exacerbated during the second half of the Twentieth Century by the Mexican government’s agrarian policy and Green Revolution technology. <b>Government policies offered credit only to cultivate monoculture cash crops, driving the ancient and ecologically sustainable milpa system into virtual extinction. Monocultures exhausted the soil and exposed it to erosion.</b> The Green Revolution brought chemical fertilizers, which boosted crop yields, but the benefits were short-lived. Soil erosion and degradation continued, compelling farmers to use ever-increasing amounts of fertilizers. Depleted soils and high fertilizer costs forced farmers to abandon their fields, extending their agriculture into newly clear-cut lands. Deforestation and erosion accelerated, and today the region suffers one of the highest rates of erosion on the planet. It is<b> one of the poorest regions in Mexico, unable to produce enough to feed itself</b>, and has one of the nation’s highest rates of emigration.<br />
<div class="img-center-nobot"><img alt="Deforestation and erosion make the Mixtec Highland look like a desert" height="511" src="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region/1.jpg" width="683" /><br />
<b>Deforestation and erosion make the Mixtec Highland look like a desert</b></div><div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>The Solutions</h2>But recently this region received international attention for doing things right. In 2008, Jesús León Santos and the Center for Integral Farmer Development (CEDICAM) received the Goldman Environmental Prize for their work on reforestation, soil conservation, and sustainable agriculture.<br />
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Their story begins in the early 1980s, when a group of Guatemalan refugees fleeing from that country’s civil war settled in Mexico’s Mixteca region with assistance from the American nonprofit organization World Neighbors. Disturbed by the erosion and desertification,<b> the Guatemalans began sharing their soil conservation and sustainable agriculture techniques with the local population, aided by the Mexican nonprofit organization CETAMEX (Mexican Center for Appropriate Technologies)</b>.<br />
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Alfonso López López, a farmer and current president of CEDICAM, recalls how his father would berate him for “wasting time with those Guatemalans,” and how he had to run off on his motorcycle to attend their workshops. But it was these foreigners who set in motion the process of restoring soil and forests by sharing their experience. In the beginning it wasn’t an easy sell.<br />
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One of the first successes was persuading a few farmers to plant their beans in rows, rather than broadcasting the seeds at random. With yields as much as five times better than that of friends and neighbors, they soon convinced their communities that what the Guatemalans offered was no waste of time. In 1988 the catholic parish of Nochixtlán got involved and supported these efforts by offering office space. Parish religious educators, mostly female, promoted nutrition and health education in rural communities alongside CETAMEX staff. Years later, two of these women would go on to become CEDICAM’s first female employees.<br />
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When problems surfaced after several years between the workers and leadership at CETAMEX, World Neighbors sponsored the formation of a new farmer-led organization. Under the leadership of Jesús León Santos, these farmers pooled their savings and purchased a plot of land just outside Nochixtlán which would become their headquarters, allowing them to move out of the parish offices and achieve greater autonomy. By 1997 the transition was complete, and the farmers had created CEDICAM, an organization to call their own. CEDICAM expanded its work along three axes:<br />
<ul><li>reforestation and soil conservation;</li>
<li>sustainable agriculture;</li>
<li>nutrition and health.</li>
</ul><div class="img-center-nobot"><img alt="Facilities of the Center for Integral Farmer Development in Nochixtlán, Oaxaca" height="536" src="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region/2.jpg" width="683" /><br />
<b>Facilities of the Center for Integral Farmer Development (CEDICAM) in Nochixtlán, Oaxaca</b></div><div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>Sustainable Agriculture</h2>Food self-sufficiency has been CEDICAM’s central theme. The Mixteca region imports much of its food, but the communities in which CEDICAM is active have been able to improve their crop yields enough to move beyond subsistence to producing a surplus and creating a market for locally grown produce. This has been achieved by:<br />
<ul><li>reviving the traditional milpa farming system;</li>
<li>composting and using “green manures” as organic fertilizers;</li>
<li>reducing dependence on chemical pesticides;</li>
<li>selecting seeds to improve local varieties of corn;</li>
<li>marketing their crops as “organic.”</li>
</ul><b>The traditional milpa farming system is a polyculture with several complimentary crops mixed together in the same field. The most basic arrangement is squash, corn, and beans.</b> The corn begins to grow just as the squash dies off. The beans use corn stalks as poles and peak just as the corn stalks are drying out. Many other crops can be included: for example, chilies, sweet potatoes, tomatillo, and chayote.<br />
This crop mixture helps conserve soil fertility; it is less vulnerable to pests that can wreak havoc in monocultures; and it provides a more balanced diet for the farmer’s family. In addition to milpa farming, greenhouses have been built to grow vegetables, allowing families to sell their excess produce on the market.<br />
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Most plowing in this impoverished region is still done with oxen. CEDICAM promotes what is known locally as “Egyptian” plowing, which consists of opening the soil without turning it over. Egyptian plowing, which is particularly adapted to semi-arid landscapes, reduces soil erosion and conserves soil moisture by decreasing water evaporation from the soil.<br />
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A comprehensive waste management program has been developed to produce organic fertilizers. Before, animal manure was underutilized because livestock were simply tethered in fields to drop their manure there. By penning livestock into hard-floor corrals, manure could be concentrated and composted to provide higher quality fertilizer.<br />
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The bokashi technique, first developed in Japan, has been adapted successfully to local conditions and produces high quality compost in just 2-3 weeks. The keys to bokashi are inoculation with high-performance yeast and bacteria to ferment the waste and addition of sugars to augment the fermentation, generating high temperatures that accelerate the process even further.<br />
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Worm-composting has also been introduced successfully, particularly among women who use it primarily in greenhouses and family gardens. In addition to using the compost, the “juice” from worm-composting is collected in discarded plastic bottles for later use to fertilize individual plants. Farmers overcome the expense of investing in worms by borrowing a kilogram of fresh worms from CEDICAM and returning worms a year later.<br />
<div class="img-center"><img alt="Jesús León Santos and his daughter Diana with the compost at their farm" height="510" src="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region/3.jpg" width="685" /><br />
<b>Jesús León Santos (founder of CEDICAM) and his daughter Diana with the compost at their farm</b></div>More recently CEDICAM has begun promoting the use of “green manures,” grain and legume crops that are worked into the soil as natural fertilizers. Crops grown for green manure include peas, fava beans, mustard, wheat, and barley. A weed locally called “white clover” (<i>trébol blanco</i>) can be grown on even the poorest soils because it uses symbiotic bacteria to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. It provides a way to improve the soil fertility in fields with crops by applying green manure produced on soils that are not fit for agriculture. At first farmers had trouble incorporating the green manure into the soil, as they could not afford heavy machinery for tilling and their traditional oxen-plows could not handle the job. Lawnmowers and weed-whackers now do the job, and the trimmings are simply left to decompose on the ground. This ground cover also helps preserve soil moisture.<br />
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All these improvements have allowed farmers to reduce and even eliminate their use of chemical fertilizers. They have achieved similar success along the pesticide front. Extracts from Mexican marigold, common rue, chili and garlic, as well as soap solutions, are used to repel pests. A soil fungus (Beauveria bassiana), which is pathogenic to insects, has also been recruited as a biological agent to fight insect pests. Spores can be applied to crops as either a solution or powder, though care must be taken not to treat flowers visited by pollinating insects. These natural methods have enabled farmers to cut back and even eliminate the use of chemical pesticides, allowing them to market their produce as “organic.”<br />
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Another important feature of sustainable farming is proper seed selection, particularly for corn. The communities served by CEDICAM have been very successful. Mexico is the birthplace of corn, and Oaxaca is home to dozens of local varieties of different colors, shapes, sizes, and uses. CEDICAM has been instrumental in teaching farmers how to continually improve yields by selecting for the best seeds. Plants are chosen from the center of the field, and not the edges, to avoid genetic contamination from nearby plots. Selection criteria include:<br />
<ul><li>plant resistance with regard to drought, freezing, lodging, storage, pests, and disease;</li>
<li>productivity (number of ears, ear size, kernel size);</li>
<li>final use (eat fresh, make corn meal, or feed animals).</li>
</ul>Selected seeds are planted separately, and a second round of selection is made looking for the largest and healthiest ears (i.e., no insect or disease damage) and at least 12 rows of kernels in straight rows. In this way each farm is a living laboratory in which varieties adapted to varied conditions of weather, soil, and cultural preference are constantly being improved. With proper selection and care, these local varieties are as productive as imported hybrid seeds. Discarded plastic bottles are used to store selected seeds, allowing farmers to have their own seed bank and keep it safe from vermin. These varieties are then shared and traded in informal networks of markets and fairs.<br />
<div class="img-center"><img alt="Maize seed storage" height="511" src="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region/4.jpg" width="685" /><br />
<b>Maize seed storage</b></div>All these advancements have been achieved through a comprehensive training program called “Farmer to Farmer,” which aims to lead by example and convince with results. From the very beginning CEDICAM decided to be a farmers’ organization. Agronomists and other “experts” were deliberately excluded due to prior negative experiences with government officials.<br />
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Working horizontally and sharing in the work, farmers are persuaded to dedicate a section of their land to the new techniques, so that before-and-after comparisons can be made. Inspired by higher yields, savings, and improved livelihoods, the most successful farmers are recruited into sharing their experiences with their neighbors. These efforts are carried out by two types of workers: promoters and facilitators. Promoters have model plots of their own and participate in meetings, workshops, and training sessions. Facilitators help identify promoters, offer logistic support for meetings and workshops, and seek out and create educational materials. In this way CEDICAM leads by example, through its constant presence in communities, sharing in the hardships as well as the rewards. It has a permanent presence in 12 farming villages and more informal arrangements with another 30 communities.<br />
<div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>Soil Conservation</h2>But as impressive as these achievements have been, what has really brought international attention has been CEDICAM’s struggle against soil erosion, which has developed along two fronts – soil conservation and reforestation.<br />
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The construction of containment ditches along contours on the hillsides is one of the most visible and effective projects. The ditches have a double function: retaining water and prevent soil erosion. They capture rainwater as it flows down a hill, channeling the water through the soil to supply crops downhill from each ditch. The ditches keep topsoil from washing away because they reduce the flow of water down the hills, and because soil loosened by rain is trapped in a ditch. Construction of these ditches is an enormous undertaking, requiring an immense quantity of manual labor.<br />
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Each meter-long section of a 60 cm wide x 60 cm deep ditch can recover up to 360 liters when it rains. Dozens of kilometers of ditches are built every year, and so far the total is hundreds of kilometers. Contour ditches are laid out with a device first introduced by the Guatemalans and known as the “A”. It consists of two long wooden poles forming an A-frame that is used to mark out the contours. Initially the ditches were dug by hand, relying on the indigenous tradition of community service known locally as tequio, in which all members of the community are expected to participate.<br />
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The success of the containment ditches was quickly evident in the recovery of previously dry springs and streams, and even in the birth of brand new springs. Now the federal government, through the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), has adopted this technique and taken over the construction of containment ditches with heavy machinery. The success of this project has inspired CEDICAM to implement other water management projects, such as the construction of rainwater cisterns to supply water to their greenhouses.<br />
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<b>Contour ditch system for capturing rainwater and soil on a slope in Telantongo, Oaxaca</b></div><div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>Reforestation</h2>Even more impressive has been the reforestation project. While many of CEDICAM’s other projects had immediate and obvious benefits, reforestation is a longer-term investment that requires more faith. When they first began, there was much resistance because trees take years to grow. It was not easy to convince people to invest their work in something that might never benefit them directly. Some were willing to plant fruit trees but not other kinds of trees. At first, the few people who were persuaded planted only one or two trees, maybe five. With time, the ready availability of limbs for firewood was key in convincing the populace that non-fruit trees were also worth planting.<br />
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Having no prior experience with raising trees, CEDICAM had to proceed by trial and error, and there were some missteps along the way. At the beginning, eucalyptus and ironwood seedlings provided by government nurseries proved inadequate to the soils and climate of the Mixteca. Following CETAMEX founder Angel Roldán’s advice, farmers started looking for species indigenous to the region and settled on a pine (Pinus oaxacana) known locally as <i>ocote</i>, and an alder known locally as <i>elite</i> (Alnus acuminata). The group visited several existing nurseries to learn proper techniques before establishing its own nursery, which now produces over 30,000 seedlings per year. CEDICAM estimates over 4 million trees have been planted so far.<br />
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The indigenous pines and alders grow quickly. The alder is particularly impressive because it fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere and thrives on even the poorest soils. It is excellent at improving the soils, since its leaf fall deposits so much nitrogen-rich organic matter on the ground. In a grove of 20-year-old alders, we were able to dig 20-30 cm deep in black moist earth, while only a few meters away outside the grove there was nothing but bare rock.<br />
<div class="img-center"><img height="516" src="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region/new.jpg" width="688" /> <b><a href="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/contact-us.html#gerry">Gerry Marten</a> checks out a 20-year-old elite (Alnus acuminata) grove. Note the bare ground in the background outside the grove.</b></div><div class="img-center"><img alt="Soil formed from the litter beneath an alder tree | Eroded soil a few meters outside the alder grove" height="256" src="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/mexico-oaxaca-community-reforestation-mixteca-region/6.jpg" width="688" /><br />
<b>Left: Soil formed from the litter beneath an alder tree (Alnus acuminata)<br />
Right: Eroded soil a few meters outside the alder grove</b></div>Because these trees grow so quickly, limbs can be cut for firewood without damaging the trees. This was perhaps the most convincing aspect of the reforestation project for the local people, since previously they had to spend a lot of time traveling ever-increasing distances in search of retreating firewood sources. Now these communities have a sustainable source of firewood close at hand, making it unnecessary to cut many trees in the rest of the landscape. To reduce firewood demand, CEDICAM has also worked to promote the adoption of efficient, wood-saving stoves, which also improve the health of families by burning cleaner and reducing smoke inhalation in the kitchen (<a href="http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/region-latin-america.html#patsari">see the Patsari Stove story</a>).<br />
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For reforestation to be successful, it was necessary to exclude goats from reforested areas, a move that was not welcomed by the owners of goat herds. But with the aid of prior experience, the necessary zoning was agreed upon, and goats have slowly been replaced with sheep, whose grazing is a bit more selective and less destructive.<br />
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A limitation of these fast-growing trees is that they tend to have short lives. The first trees, which were planted in the mid 1980s, are starting to die out. This suggests a need to diversify the reforestation with slow-growing species as well. The good news is that the fast-growing trees are now seen in places where none were planted, suggesting that nature has begun to take over their propagation. Although reforestation will be a long process, these first steps have been successful enough to encourage people to carry the reforestation further.<br />
<div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>Social Impact</h2>CEDICAM projects have also improved the status of women. At first women were not even allowed in the farmers’ organizational and training workshops, but now women are prominent in all CEDICAM activities, including community organizing and technical assistance to farmers in the field. The change has been due in part to pressure by international donors interested in gender equality, but it was really more of a response to the realities of these communities, where high levels of emigration, particularly among young men, have forced women to take on a broader role in economic activities.<br />
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These communities have also seen changes in the way they organize and regulate land use. Communal lands in Mexico are usually divided into family plots for individual use. Common areas not suited for agriculture are used for grazing, firewood collection, and charcoal production. The common areas are particularly vulnerable to Tragedy-of-the-Commons in the absence of strict rules for their use, and one of the first side-effects of CEDICAM’s work has been the emergence of zoning and land-use rules in communities where a free-for-all attitude had previously been the norm. Rules are decided at community assemblies. Examples include prohibiting the harvest of oaks for charcoal production, banning grazing from reforested areas, and imposing heavy fines on offenders.<br />
<div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>The Lessons</h2>A conspicuous feature of the turnabout from decline to restoration has been the conversion of vicious cycles into virtuous cycles. Although the causes of environmental decline in the Mixteca are complex, we can identify the introduction of goat-herding into an already fragile ecosystem as the “negative tipping point” that set decline in motion. It was overgrazing by goats that interrupted nature’s regenerative powers, starting a vicious cycle in which goats degraded the land, the land was incapable of supporting other uses, goat herding increased, and the land was degraded even more. The government’s agrarian policy and the use of chemical fertilizers were responses to the crisis of erosion, land degradation, and deforestation, but they proved counterproductive in the long run.<br />
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We can identify the Guatemalan refugees – and more specifically their advice on farming and soil conservation methods and the support by World Neighbors and CETAMEX – as the positive tipping point, the “EcoTipping Point,” which set in motion a gradual process of environmental restoration and agricultural recovery. Demonstrating that bean yields could be improved dramatically by planting in rows was the first step towards food self-sufficiency. This inspired farmers to embark on soil conservation measures (e.g., contour ditches) and tree planting, which reversed the vicious cycle of land degradation. The vicious cycle was transformed into a “virtuous cycle” in which the social and environmental forces that had driven decline were driving restoration. Further success gave people the experience and confidence to undertake additional actions to further improve their waste management, their soils, their landscape, their diet, and their quality of life.<br />
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How did CEDICAM communities actually manage to achieve this? What were the ingredients for their success? Their story displays the same key ingredients for success that are prominent in other EcoTipping Point success stories:<br />
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<b><i>Outside stimulation and facilitation</i></b>. A success story typically begins when people from outside a community stimulate activate a shared community awareness about its problems – how the situation is changing and what seems to be responsible – and provide fresh ideas for possible actions to deal with it. The Guatemalan refugees showed the Mixtec farmers a different way of doing things, encouraging the farmers to confront their problems. While CEDICAM’s accomplishments have come primarily from the human and financial resources of the people in the region, organizational and financial assistance at key points along the way – from nonprofit organizations such as Bread for the World, Catholic Relief Services, Maryknoll, and the Rotary Club International – have also made a difference.<br />
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<b><i>Strong local democratic institutions and enduring commitment of local leadership</i></b>. The experience of Oaxaca’s Mixteca region shows how lasting results can come from below, from the grassroots of society. They have not been imposed by government policies, but rather achieved through the self-evaluation, creativity, broad-based decisions, and manpower of an independent community making the best of its own resources. The strength of democratic institutions in the indigenous communities of the Mixteca region has allowed them to embark on projects that are conceived and supported by the same people who must implement them. The traditional tequio community service system is a particularly noteworthy expression of this communal democracy. Building on the vitality of strong community participation, CEDICAM’s success has come from decades of commitment and hard work by Jesús León Santos and his colleagues.<br />
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<b><i>Coadaption between social system and ecosystem</i></b>. Success depends on technology appropriate to the local environment and the corresponding social organization for putting the technology effectively into use. Environmental and social gains proceed together. In addition to the tequio, which was so readily adapted to rescuing the landscape and reviving traditional agriculture, we find in CEDICAM communities other social institutions that evolved with the project. One is the “Farmer to Farmer” methodology which seeks to train neighbors by treating them as equals. This approach contrasts with government strategies which often seek to impose solutions from above, solutions that not only fail but often are counterproductive. Another important social adaptation has been the change in the role of women and how women’s work is valued. With regards to ecosystem adaptation, the land has responded positively to reforestation and changes in agricultural methods. Higher crop yields are the most obvious ecosystem response, but soil fertility is also enhanced where crops are mixed and rotated.<br />
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<b><i>“Letting nature do the work”</i></b>. Micro-managing the environment is beyond human capacity. Effective problem solving utilizes nature’s healing powers for restoration. In the Mixteca region, trees are starting to grow where they were never planted. Springs and rivers that had dried up have come back to life .CEDICAM’s production of natural fertilizers reduced the need for chemical fertilizers, allowing nature to maintain soil fertility. The milpa system is environmentally sustainable because its multi-species polyculture is a mimic of nature.<br />
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<b><i>Transforming waste into resources</i></b>. What appears to be “waste” – such as degraded land, abandoned buildings, garbage, or marginalized people – is mobilized and transformed into valued social or material capital. Because the Mixteca region is so poor, CEDICAM has had no choice but to make the fullest use of any available resources. It has recycled agricultural and other wastes into compost to improve the soils<i>. </i>Refugees are by definition unwanted in their homeland. They are in a way “discarded people”, which in this case were valued and appreciated in their adoptive land.<br />
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<b><i>Rapid results</i></b>. Quick "payback" from a community’s efforts helps to mobilize commitment to the effort. Once positive results begin cascading through a community and the environment, normal social, economic, and political processes reinforce the benefits from there. For farmers in the Mixteca region, higher yields from planting beans in rows brought tangible benefits to farmers within a matter of months, conveying a message that they could improve their lives with prudent experimentation. The construction of contour containment ditches on the hillsides also had rapid and dramatic consequences, when dry springs were brought back to life. The benefits from reforestation were slower, but enthusiasm for reforestation grew when people realized they no longer had to travel long distances in search of firewood.<br />
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<b><i>Powerful symbols</i></b>. Symbols can help to consolidate community action. Food self-sufficiency can be considered a powerful symbol in the Mixteca experience because it summarizes precisely the reason why these changes began and continue to happen. Greater agricultural yields have not only improved the family diet, they have improved the local economy. Food self-sufficiency has become a source of pride, as agricultural renewal offers new opportunities for youth who previously had no choice but to move away from the region to find work. Perhaps most important are symbols of cultural transformation that gave hope and pride to communities that knew only despair in the past. In a land that “didn’t even grow thorns,” Jesús León Santos called our attention to the birdsongs, telling us there were none when he was young. To us this is the perfect symbol of the region’s renewal.<br />
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<b><i>Overcoming social obstacle</i></b>s. Today’s complex society can present numerous obstacles to positive change. The Mixteca experience offers examples of how such obstacles were overcome.<br />
<ul><li>The tequio community service system surmounted a problem so common elsewhere – that people “don’t have time” to contribute to the social and environmental commons.</li>
<li>CEDICAM has overcome obstacles that arise when people feel threatened by dramatic change. For example, when reforestation efforts began, it was necessary to satisfy goat herders who objected to exclusion from areas with tree seedlings.</li>
<li>There have been risks of entanglement with political and religious divisions in the state of Oaxaca, but CEDICAM’s neutral policy has kept it out of those conflicts.</li>
<li>The autonomy and relative simplicity of the region’s indigenous communities has enabled them to proceed with what makes sense, independent of widespread and often crippling dysfunction in the mainstream society.</li>
<li>Self-sufficiency has gone hand-in-hand with autonomy. Although external financial support has been significant, CEDICAM is basically a group of peasants who are transforming their communities and giving the nation, and the world, an example of how to get things done without depending heavily on outside resources.</li>
</ul><b><i>Social and ecological diversity</i></b>. Greater diversity offers more choices and more opportunities that some of the choices will be good ones.<br />
<ul><li>By accepting the Guatemalans and following their example, the Mixtec communities increased their social diversity.</li>
<li>CEDICAM has worked with government agencies and collaborated with universities in Mexico and abroad.</li>
<li>The women in indigenous communities evolved a greater diversity of roles.</li>
</ul>All these experiences have expanded the social universe and diversity of choices in the Mixteca.<br />
<b><i>Social and ecological memory</i></b>. Drawing upon the past can be a particularly significant source of diversity. Although some of the techniques employed by CEDICAM are introduced, many are not new. They are traditional practices that have stood the test of time. They were lost, and now they are being recovered. Though the landscape of the Mixteca region appears to be a wasteland, it is capable of producing food and growing forests with proper care. This productive capacity had not been lost as much as it had been forgotten, and it is now being “remembered” with proper attention. By reviving the traditional milpa the diversity of crops that had been lost to monoculture has been restored. As for reforestation, native trees reflected an evolutionary memory that provided the right species for local conditions after initial efforts with exotic species were unsuccessful.<br />
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<b><i>Building resilience</i></b>. Resilience is the ability to withstand unexpected surprises that threaten to make things worse. It is essential for locking in the gains from social and environmental restoration. The key to resilience is adaptability. The founders of CEDICAM began to forge a culture of resilience when they responded to the departure of CETAMEX by forming their own organization. Since then, they have crafted their strategy to nurture resilience at every step of the way. Crop diversification increases food security, as do soil conservation measures. The high rate of emigration, particularly among young men, could have stifled efforts for positive change, but women have filled the void created by this lack of manpower.” Success breeds success.” The community’s organization, experience, and confidence have strengthened its capacity for adaptation, innovation, and respond effectively to future threats. With their dedication, intelligence, and generosity, the people of the Mixteca region should continue to provide an inspiring example for many years to come.<br />
<div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>Acknowledgments</h2>We wish to thank Jesús León Santos, and his family, for showing us around the region; current CEDICAM president Alfonso Eugenio Lopéz Lopéz and CEDICAM Facilitator Pedro Velasco Cruz for taking the time to talk to us; and the rest of the CEDICAM for working on the projects we were able to witness.<br />
<div class="hr-medium"></div><h2>References</h2><ul><li>World Neighbors Website<br />
<a href="http://www.wn.org/site/c.coIELNOsGpF/b.3889381/apps/s/content.asp?ct=5364013">http://www.wn.org/site/c.coIELNOsGpF/b.3889381/apps/s/content.asp?ct=5364013</a></li>
<li>Goldman Prize Website<br />
<a href="http://www.goldmanprize.org/2008/northamerica">http://www.goldmanprize.org/2008/northamerica</a></li>
<li>La Jornada Website<br />
<a href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/04/13/index.php?section=sociedad&article=036n1soc">http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/04/13/index.php?section=sociedad&article=036n1soc</a></li>
<li>Agencia Latinoamericana de Información Website<br />
<a href="http://alainet.org/active/13887&lang=es">http://alainet.org/active/13887&lang=es</a></li>
<li>Resilience Science Website<br />
<a href="http://rs.resalliance.org/2008/05/13/using-local-ecological-knowledge-to-rebuild-ecological-infrastructure/">http://rs.resalliance.org/2008/05/13/using-local-ecological-knowledge-to-rebuild-ecological-infrastructure/</a></li>
<li>New York Times Website<br />
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/world/americas/13oaxaca.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=tilantongo&st=cse">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/world/americas/13oaxaca.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=tilantongo&st=cse</a></li>
<li>The Center for Ecoliteracy<br />
<a href="http://www.ecoliteracy.org/essays/goldman-prize-speech">http://www.ecoliteracy.org/essays/goldman-prize-speech</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecoliteracy.org/profiles/jes%C3%BAs-le%C3%B3n-santos">http://www.ecoliteracy.org/profiles/jes%C3%BAs-le%C3%B3n-santos</a></li>
<li>Proceso Website<br />
<a href="http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/58512">http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/58512</a></li>
</ul>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1047173609479609919.post-9422170180269580402014-07-08T18:54:00.000-05:002014-07-08T18:54:23.969-05:00Samurai spirit<iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/rs4gTZjSqJc" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>aguila lobohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08477156014895658880noreply@blogger.com0